The Community Partnership And Oriented Policing Criminology Essay

The Community Partnership And Oriented Policing Criminology Essay The evolution and refinement of Community Oriented Policing its philosophy and practice have had a significant positive impact on the attitudes and behaviors of citizens in previous high crime communities at every level by improving the quality of its residents. Community oriented Policing has allowed communities to take ownership of the communities and making it a socially healthy environment to raise kids and establish long lasting friendships. Every community oriented policing program should seek to meet the textbook goal, to establish A pattern of attitudes and behaviors directed both at reducing the threat of a crime and enhancing the sense of safety and security to positively influence the quality of life and to help develop environments were crime cannot flourish(Peak and Glender. 2004).   In Community Policing and Problem Solving, Community policing is a philosophy of full-service, personalized policing where the same officer patrols and works in the same area on a permanent basis, from a decentralized place, working in a proactive partnership with citizens to identify and solve problems (Trojanowicz, 1992) . These the goals that have been established through police and community input and how they can be enable Community Partnership Programs to establishing; suspicious crime activity hot lines, School Resource Officers, establish faith and non-faith drug prevention and education programs and forming Neighborhood Crime Watch associations are the building blocks of community policing. Each police department must realizes that to effectively  minimize all criminal activity within an specific neighborhoods, will only be accomplished through a collective effort of all members of  the  targeted community which may include; police officers that are assigned to our locals schools, establishing a suspicious (anonymous) illegal activity hotline, creating drug prevention programs community and enforcing local faith lead community programs and neighborhood crime watch programs. As always, individuals should always call 911 immediately  when observing a serious crime in progress or one that has just occurred, or to report crimes after the fact, police department have set up non-emergency numbers. In community oriented policing ,If suspicious  activity is observed that is not place the citizen at any physical or mental harm of an and does not warrant emergency response, the citizens are  encouraged to call the  Suspicious Activity Hotline   at anytime. In addition most police departments provide access to learning and informational material which might provide details on how to recognize and handle  specific  types of suspicious activity in  the participating neighborhoods. As part of the community oriented policing, Police  officers can also be assigned to local schools. At the school campus the majority of the officers time is spent on building relationships with the youth thus reducing the potential for minor crimes to occur. These campus officers may also become   a great resource to the teachers, counselors, students and most of all to the parents in maintaining a safe and crime free campus, by teaching law enforcement and criminal justice related courses.  Ã‚   The Police Department can also assist in the creation and support of faith and not-faith based drug prevention and education programs. These programs can also work with the local law enforcement agencies to aid in the prevention and reduction of drug related crimes. Neighborhood Crime Watch programs encourages minimal participation of the citizens in a neighborhood to organize  block watch programs in cooperation with law enforcement. It is sometimes called Block Watch or Neighborhood Watch, which, is a crime prevention program that enlists the active participation of citizens in cooperation with law enforcement to reduce crime .Neighbors get to meet one  another at these block watch meetings and discuss neighborhood problems and priorities. On many occasions a police officer will attend these meetings to give crime prevention tips and assist in organizing the block club. The Neighborhood Watch Program works by doing the following: Neighborhood Watch teaches citizens crime prevention techniques to reduce the risk of being victimized at home or in public. Citizens are trained on the importance of recognizing suspicious activities and how to report them. Participants are taught how to make their homes more secure and the importance of recording and identifying their property. Block watch Program allows neighbors to interact and get to know each other and their daily routines. Enforcement of block watch program allows the citizen to notice any out of ordinary activities that might need to reported and investigated by the police. As building blocks to a safer community the neighborhood watch program creates a cohesive body of concerned citizens who become the eyes and ears of law enforcement, thus becoming actively involved in the reduction of crime in their community. This program is always ongoing and continued enrollment is always accepted. An effective crime prevention (neighborhood watch) programs enable the active participation of citizens to cooperate with law enforcement to aid in the reduction of larceny, criminal property damages burglaries primarily the reduction of burglaries on the high rate of the fore-closed homes which will the reduce the other neighborhood crimes. By contacting the Buckeye Police department, I learned that the Buckeye Police department has taken the philosophy of Community Oriented Policing in effort to better serve the community. The police departments has established community partnerships thought the path of working with house developers and community house associations to develop and design neighborhoods in a such way as to deflect criminal activity. As a result of these associations citizens enjoy a lesser crime environment with a faster 911 response. Though community oriented policing the Buckeye police department can also strengthen and developed its community based policing to reflect the communitys needs and requests. (Lt.  Dave Hubalik,) The Buckeye police community out-reach program will also teach you the steps that citizens can take to aid in protecting ones home. The police department will also aid in organizing a neighborhood watch group, by making crime prevention part of every person in your community a daily routine, just by learning watching out for yours and your neighbors and safe wellbeing .The Buckeye Lieutenant Dave Hubalik reinforced that it is you job as a member of the community to report all suspicious activity to the police even if you have a doubts it might not be illegal activity. The lieutenant stated that is the sole job to handle the perpetuators the criminals The Buckeye police department believes that neighborhood watch programs are a proven and effective method to aid in the reduction of residential burglaries in specific developments. For example in the Sun Dance ,Tarteso or the Westpark Communities incidents of crimes reported can be tracked and responses logged by a specific geographic area(Buckeye 2010 Crime statistics). By, sharing local crime statistics with the community allows the police department to developed methods of targeting specific types of crime that for the most part can be reduced or eliminated by the activities of the community policing policies. A representative for the Buckeye Community outreach programs states that by combining neighborhood watch programs and though constant communication with our neighbors homes are not as easily accessible to burglars. By being actively involved in preventing crime in our neighborhood citizens are encouraged to hold block meetings that aid in the apprehension of criminals by police enforcement. These types of community oriented police programs, Community Partnership programs, suspicious crime activity hot lines, School Resource Officers, establish faith and non-faith drug prevention and education programs and forming Neighborhood Crime Watch associations are of no cost, they are free programs that mostly involved neighbors working together and by getting acquainted with police enforcement and community organization leaders. Community oriented policing is building block a sure way of making sure all neighbors are looking out for ones propertys yours and your neighbors and safe wellbeing. But most importantly is a great method of getting the opportunity to learn more about effective crime prevention and learning more about crime prevention. When community police work is not maintained street people take over parks and other public areas and make them unusable by families (Peak and Glender. 2004). Community Oriented Policing concepts and theories must be implemented within the police crime prevention departments and all local faith and non-faith community organizations. As responsible citizens we must accept and acknowledge that successful policing requires the active participation about solving our neighborhood crime problems.  Community policing, also acknowledges the dependence of police on citizens for information about the status of neighborhood problems and for help in solving crime (Peak and Glender. 2004).   Community oriented policing is a great idea but, in states, To be successful, community policing requires the total commitment of the five major groups: police; citizens and subgroups like business; media; political leaders; and social service agencies and other institutions of the community (Peak and Gle nder. 2004). We have the option to decide how we choose to live, but we must accept that shared property, the practice of taking decisions is the responsibility of both police enforcement and the community. Work Cited Peak, Kenneth J., and Ronald W. Glensor. Chapter 2: COPPS, Chapter 4: Crime Prevention. Community Policing and Problem Solving Fifth Edition. Ed. Vernon R. Anthony. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., 2008. 39-101.

Parataxis Of Homer :: essays research papers

Throughout the epic poem The Odyssey, Homer employs a technique called parataxis. This technique is used frequently to identify characters in the book or explaining an event. The poem not only covers the story of Odyssey. The poem not only covers the story of Odysseus, but also touches upon other characters as well. By using parataxis, Homer can briefly tell and describe characters and events. Often, characters are identified by their relationships to others, a great deed they have accomplished, to hardships they have come across.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In describing Odysseus in Book V, lines 97 to 115 of which lines 105 to 110 are paratactical, Hermes says â€Å"you have with you the man who is wretched beyond all the other men of all those who fought around the city of Priam for nine years, and in the tenth they sacked the city and set sail for home, but on the voyage home they offended Athene, who let loose an evil tempest and tall waves against them. Then all the rest of his excellent companions perished, but the wind and the current carried him here and here they drove him.† The original conversation between Hermes and Kalypso had little to do with Odysseus’s journey. Hermes in lines 97 to 115 tells Kalypso that Odysseus’s fate lie not on the island, but back home in Ithaka. The parataxis interrupts the line of conversation to inform the reason why Odysseus arrives here. It gives a glimpse the span of Odysseus’s journey and the fate of his companions before the story is told. In this instance, Hermes identifies Odysseus with the obstacles he has overcome.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At times, a parataxis of a certain character in one part of the poem help explain matters later on. In book XI, lines 281 to 297, Odysseus tells of Chloris, a beautiful maiden. Of those lines, lines 287 to 290 are paratactical, â€Å"Also she bore that marvel among mortals, majestic Pero, whom all the heroes round about courted, but Neleus would not give her to any, unless he could drive away the broad-faced horn-curved cattles of strong Iphikles out of Phylake.† It talks of Chloris’s daughter, Pero and the task that all suitors must accomplish before he can have her hand. Later on in book XV, another character is introduced. He is the son of the man who won Pero. Without mentioning Pero or the task of the suitors in the earlier book, much more explanation would be needed to identify other characters. This parataxis links various character and their stories.

Compare/Contrast of Two and a Half Men

The popular television show, Two and a Half Men, has been on the air for just under a solid ten years. Even after ten years, and a complete main character change, it is still one of the most watched and beloved shows on television today. Most would argue, including myself, that the original version starring Charlie Sheen was much better than the current version, starring Ashton Kutcher.Both are very funny and have attempted to keep to the same â€Å"womanizing† main character, though the original pulled it off with much more success. The show was originally about a â€Å"pleasure-seeking† jingle writer, Charlie Harper, his uptight brother, Alan, and Alan's growing son, Jake. Charlie's laid back life becomes complicated when his brother gets divorced and moves in, along with Jake, to Charlie's beach-front Malibu house.The Harper brothers Charlie and Alan are almost opposites but form a great team for comedy. They have little in common except their dislike for their dull, emotionless, and dominant mother, Evelyn. Alan, a compulsively neat chiropractor and control-freak, is thrown out by his manipulative wife Judith who nevertheless gets him to pay for everything and do most jobs in the house. Charlie is a freelance jingle composer and irresistible bachelor who lives in a luxurious beach-house and rarely gets up before noon.Charlie â€Å"temporarily† allows Alan and his son Jake, a food-obsessed, lazy school kid who constantly moves between his parents, to move in with them after Alan's separation/divorce. The sitcom revolves around their conflicting lifestyles, raising Jake (who has the competent, caring dad while having a ball with his fun-loving uncle who teaches him the fun way to live), and bantering with Evelyn and various other friends and family.Other fairly regular characters include Charlie's cleaning lady Berta, who is the sarcastic and sharp-tongued character who merely does nothing more than insult almost every other character unf ortunate enough to cross her path (while completely ignoring her actual job), and his rich, self-confessed stalker neighbor Rose who often sneaks in to spy on Charlie and induce havoc into his already screwy life. Charlie's love life is a recurring theme in his character. He is an alcoholic womanizer who has engaged in decades of frequent one-night stands, prostitutes, casual sex, and â€Å"relationships† of short duration, in stark contrast to his rother Alan's inability to bring in much female attention. Even though Charlie usually never calls any of his partners again after he had sex with them, there are a few relationships on the show that lasted longer than one night, notably his neighbor Rose, who continues to stalk him after they spent one night together, and Jake's ballet teacher Mia, whom Charlie was actually in love with, and almost married in Las Vegas. He usually dated much younger women. Alan is almost the complete opposite of Charlie. He had been divorced twice over the series, and is notably seen as socially awkward with any woman he comes into contact with.Alan is essentially a leech on Charlie’s life, as he was only supposed to stay with Charlie for a short amount of time, that was ten seasons ago. Recently, though, Alan has managed to keep one person tied down and hold a steady, healthy relationship with. This person is Lyndsey MacElroy, who is actually a mother of one of Jake’s stoner friends. At the end of season eight, Charlie leaves in pursuit of Rose, who he admits he loves, to Paris. At the beginning of season nine, it is revealed that Charlie died in Paris, because he â€Å"fell† in front of a train (it is widely believed that Rose murdered him because he cheated on her, a lot).Enter: Walden Schmidt. Now begins the more recent version of the series. Charlie Harper is dead, and Alan and Berta must now move out of the fabulous beach-house and have no idea where to go. Schmidt is introduced to the series as a billionaire internet entrepreneur who has recently been divorced and is now suicidal. After unsuccessfully attempting suicide, he turns up at Charlie Harper's beach house and decides to buy it from Charlie's brother, Alan, to whom Charlie has left the house in his will, after dying in France. Alan has to put the house up for sale as he is unable to afford the mortgage payments and property tax.While Alan is speaking with Charlie's ashes and trying to decide where to spread them, Walden suddenly appears on the house's back deck, scaring Alan and causing him to drop the ashes on the living room floor. When Alan lets Walden in so he can use the telephone, Walden reveals he has just tried to commit suicide by drowning in the ocean. He tells Alan that he is worth $1. 3 billion, but would give it all up to reconcile with his wife Bridget, from whom he had recently separated. Walden and Alan then proceed to bond at the local bar, where Walden tells Alan that e made his money when Microsoft purchased his website. At the end of the episode Walden tells Alan that he is going to buy the house. This is fantastic news for Alan, as he now no longer has to move, Berta can be rehired, and a surrogate family has now been formed. Walden is a hopeless romantic and has had many failed relationships, ranging from divorce and breakups to rejection of marriage proposals. Walden's ex-wife describes him as â€Å"having the emotional maturity of a 12-year-old†, and she, his housekeeper Berta and his girlfriend Zoey have all described him as needy.However, he drives a Fisker Karma as he cares about the environment, and does not believe in lending money, as it is never repaid and leads to resentment of the person to whom the money is lent; instead he prefers to just give it away. He does not like the taste of alcohol and so does not drink much. When Walden met Alan Harper, the two almost instantly formed a friendship. Walden is very generous, which Alan uses to his advantage, such as when Alan's ex-wife Judith drops off their son Jake, and Alan convinces Walden to allow Jake to stay. Despite events such as this, Alan does demonstrate genuine concern for Walden.When Walden discovers that his imaginary childhood gorilla friend, â€Å"Magilla†, was real, and was part of an experiment being conducted by his mother, he becomes very upset, as he thought of Magilla as a brother. Alan climbs a roof to console him, telling him that he knows what it's like to lose a brother. Walden knows that Alan is poor and has offered him money, but Alan refuses because he wants Walden to see him as a friend, rather than a freeloader. From this point on Alan and Jake have fully moved in and Walden considers them family, refusing to kick Alan out of the beach-house, though knowing that he is quite the leech.While there has been much change to the popular television show over the years, it has managed to sustain a fresh comedy to most viewers and appears as if it could continu e airing for the next ten years also. The show is now very different, since the introduction of Ashton Kutcher replacing Charlie Sheen as the main character. But it continues to maintain the viewers, ratings, and new ideas that make a good show great. Comparatively, the older seasons are better than the newer, but the newer are certainly getting the job done.

Manufactures various varieties of Indian - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5628 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION BAGGA DISTILLERIES Pvt Ltd is a 20 year old company located at Hyderabad, India that was set up in the year 1989 and manufactures various varieties of Indian liquor comprising different tastes. Looking at the market conditions the company was established and competition has been developed for the local industry to compete with various other brands in the wine spirits trade. Adopting the latest skills of production and marketing, this company established meeting the needs of the market and to stand the competition started other sub activities such as refinement and bottling on behalf of other major established brands of the Indian market thereby following the same quality and procedures with their consent in order to meet the growing demand and cater the huge local customer base. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Manufactures various varieties of Indian" essay for you Create order Maintaining high quality and attractive packaging has become a very popular trend in the Indian liquor industry within a short span of period. Further the company prospers to establish its firm worldwide build in more technology within the organisation and maintain the highest standards of quality, control and assurance adhering to self enunciated standard operating procedures. The following research project concerns the Critical Success Factors (CSF) in a project while it is off shored thus suggesting Bagga Distilleries (BD) the importance and need of its critical success factors. There has been a tremendous increasing interest pertaining to critical success factors in the field of project management. Project management offers a systematic and well defined structured approach to managing projects. The prime purpose of this study is to provide an in depth understanding of various critical success factors that play a pivotal role in the success of project as Bagga Distilleries (BD) have a mindset of off-shoring their business. Late since 1960s researchers in the field of project management have been trying to discover as to which factors lead to a dynamic project success. Tackling the human and organisational aspects of a project is through the use of critical success factors. Pinto Slevin (1988). Critical Success Factors (CSF) are those factors which if ar e not done right can result in failure of the project. In terms of BD trying to establish successful off shoring in an organized manner, it would never want to fail from a business prospective point of view. Avot (1969) identified the reasons for project failure and concluded that wrong choice of project manager, the unplanned project termination and unsupportive top management were the main reasons for failure. Since then there have been many authors who have listed the factors at times even relating them to specific problems and their associated types of activity thereby referring them to critical success factors. A good implementation process will help develop a definite set of critical success factors which if addressed, will significantly improve the chances of successful implementation. These factors are all about methods, skills and practices that are essential in order to plan, manage, lead and track the project from start till end and to assimilate the change along the way. Bagga Distilleries unaware of the obstacles it may have; finds it difficult while off shoring its business. Although many ways have been proposed to make a project successful but it is the implementation method that plays a major role in real time scenario. A detailed insight at the above factors will allow the researcher to achieve an in-depth understanding of critical success factors relating to risk management, quality, communication, project mission and budgeting which in turn would enlighten the factors for BD to off-shore its business. After this step the researcher will with all the gained information recommend and be able to assist the managers in allocation of proper management services. RESEARCH AIM OBJECTIVES Research Aim How does identification of critical success factors help to gain sustainability in the field of project management in relation to business off shoring? Research Objectives To critically review current literature of critical success factors in the field of project management, identify the key areas concepts and develop an analytical framework in order to support the research. To identify potential barriers and bring out the elements that contributes to the success of projects. To evaluate and explore the learning opportunities and isolate them in order to leverage the successful implementation of projects. To furnish a list of lessons learnt from the entire process and identify the importance of critical success factors in project management. To achieve the above aims, this will be a pure qualitative study involving semi structured individual interviews with various Managers and Supervisors in BD. LITERATURE REVIEW A number of authors have actually found the way for critical success factors. One among them was Pinto Slevin (1988) who identified some critical success factors in the literature based on theoretical and empirical studies that included Top management support, project schedule, monitoring project information and feedback, budgeting and risk management. Cost, Time Quality Remember Time is Money! (Benjamin Franklin, In advice to a Young Tradesman 1748, cited in Lock, D, 2000). Cost, time and quality trade-offs in projects have been the subject of research in a project. These have often been referred to as the golden triangle and are therefore used as a means for any particular project to be successful. Various authors have implemented different models for managing the time and cost of a project. One such model known as the investment model was developed by Majd Pindyck (1987) in which the investment flow is continuous and each single unit of money spent represents next stage of investment which in turn is because of proper cost planning. Another major aspect that needs to be focussed in a project is Quality. According to Turner, R.J (1993: 160) quality is often used to mean expensive, sophisticated or conforming to extremely high specification. whereas Field, M Keller, L (1998: 311) have described quality as the totality of features and characteristics of a product or servi ce that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs . One good example of a brand that would maintain quality would be Rolex. According to Barry Boehm (1981) cited in Bruke, R (2003) the cost of a project increases if quality is not maintained at the beginning of the project. But then Lock, D (2000) added, Crosbys (1979) theory of quality according to which quality can be achieved without extra cost and emphasized that quality is less necessary in the cost, time and quality triangle. According to Juran (1992), the steps to a quality project arrive from two distinct but interlinked phases i.e. quality planning and quality control. Quality is when it implies to quality planning, quality control and quality assurance. Hence the golden triangle cost, time and quality together ensure a continuum process along with joint effort. Human Resources Motivation Pinto, J, K. (1988) framed a project life cycle involving the four stages of a project as Planning, Conceptualisation, Execution and Completion. This proposed life cycle of a project explains how a project achieves its goals together with its implications and success criteria. Belout, A and Gauvreau, C (2003) criticized Pinto and Slevin (1988) that the key role in a project is played by Human Resource Management (HRM). HRM is required in every organization in order to meet its needs. In each and every project it is the people who manage and deliver. It is also quite important to have team work coordination which would influence and motivate one another including all the departments involved in the organization. Relationship between leader behaviour and individual has three different theories, Transformational leadership, participative leadership and leader member exchange theory (LMX theory). Kahai et al. (2003) cited in (Jong, de, J.P.J Hartog, D.N.D, 2007). Transformational leade rship was opposed by Jaussi Dionne (2003) cited in (Jong, de, J.P.J Hartog, D.N.D, 2007) as they found a little effect on creativity. Belbin cited in Bruke, R (2003) acknowledged it was the low mental ability which stood as a factor for unsuccessful teams however Bruke, R (2003) contradicted this by adding the theory of negative selection which refers to the recruitment process. Project Manager and Top level support The most cited CSF in the project management literature is top management support (Fortune and White, 2006). The top management as a result of this must ensure proper support, guidance and directions to its project managers. This positive support will help managers to ensure team lead and help them take decisions. Top management should take action on request, assist in conflict resolution, and provide continuous feedback. (Kerzner, 2006). Also the importance of top management support has inclined its significance by the introduction of different models like organisational project management maturity model OPM3. (Paulk et al., 1995; Project Management Institute PMI Standards Committee, 2003). The first and foremost thing that the top level managers look for in a project is the deadline, reasons being bonus of the organisations, competitive actions and other methods of the dubious benefit. The above involves anxiety, fear and distrust among the members of the team. According to Dr. Sa muel Johnson, in a letter to James Boswell dated 19th September 1777 cited in Field, M and Keller, L. (1998) when a man knows he is to be hanged in a fort night it concentrates his mind wonderfully. Block (1987) cited in Graham, J. R Englund, L. R (2004), highlighted relationship in an organisation on the basis of peoples agreement and mutual trust. Project Information A well designed and structured Information System (IS) will clearly define all the requirements that a typical project needs and also explain an individuals role in the organization. According to Sims, D (1993) Projects frequently fail. Generally managers most of the time concentrate on the project rather than managing it. One typical reason for this can be attributed to lack of information being translated to the manager. This usually shows how much important information is to a project. According to Daniel (1960), the success of a project largely depends upon information which plays a significant role until its achievement till the end. Information is categorised into three broad areas i.e. Environmental, Internal and Competitive. Internal information: One of the critical factors playing a key role within an organisation can be its internal flow of information as said by Daniel (1960) a projects success is confined to its information. Competitive information: Also from an organizational point of view it is necessary for the organization to know its markets and competitors which would in turn help to understand their methods and plans being used. The above information helps the organization to plan appropriately. Environmental information: Although there might be very few organisations that might consider this factor but neglecting this would definitely lead to inviting problems both in terms of managing a project as well as the organisation. Such factors would definitely help an organisation to analyze its strengths and optimize its weakness. Creating Milestones According to Clarke, A (1999) practical use of factors helps to improve the effectiveness of a project. According to Henry Ford cited in Culp, G and Smith, A (1992) nothing is hard if you divide it into small jobs. Splitting the projects further into smaller achievable projects which would make it easy is a managers duty and helps to a great extent. But for this the manager has to maintain the reports and mention the activity completion on a milestone plan. Francis Tarkenton cited in Culp, G and Smith, A (1992) adds to it, the 80 yard drive is better than 80 yard pass. In short this is how one can experience small victories which will also increase the confidence level of the team. Risk Management A projects risk and uncertainty can be defined as a welcoming threat in a project. According to William James cited in Chapman, C and Ward, S (2003), the art of being wise is the art of knowing what to overlook. At the inception of each project it is necessary for the organization to have a look onto the major performance objectives Demeulemeester and Herroelen (2002) cited in Scatteman, D, Herroelen, W, Van de, S and Boone, A (2008). The first approach that any organisation would imply is to reduce the risk. In order to reduce and avoid this it is important for one to stay in touch with his team mates and supporters Keil et al. (1998) cited in Cervone, F.H (2006) mentioned that the project managers who constantly maintain good relationships with them in the organisation are the ones who tend to finish their projects on time which in a way also helps them to reduce the risk. Budgeting According to Harrison, L.F (1981) the basis for any project control system is project plan and budget. According to Maugham, S. M cited in Culp, G and Smith, A (1992), money is like a sixth sense without which you cannot make a complete use of other five. Also likewise budget stands as a basis for project objective and schedule. Each firm has got budget costs which are differentiated by Maylor, H. (2003) as materials, labour, travel and consumables. Hence each and every organization has got to maintain its budget in a record since it can keep a track of its cost estimates. All of the above factors would confirm that in achieving an objective and goal, well anchored and organized, the Critical Success Factors have an upper hand in moulding a successful project. Thus the researcher proposes that the Critical Success Factor (CSF) approach is a beneficial approach for the organization to achieve success. There have been various critical success factors at different levels of the organisation. CSF has been clearly identified and explained in detail so that every slice of the organization must demonstrate in order to assure success and achieve significant results. Thus the researcher would recommend BD to maintain the transparency of information to flow, maintain its budget accordingly, defending its potential barriers or obstacles etc while off shoring. METHODOLOGY Philosophical Approach to methodology The learning style assessment or questionnaire (adapted from Kolb and McCarthy, 1984) assessed the researchs style as an Accommodator and a Positivist (Refer Appendix 1). As per Saunders et al, 2003 the perception with which a researcher carries out his/her research is known as research philosophy and are classified into three Positivism, Interpretivism and Realism. According to Kolb theory cited in Mangina, E and Mowlds, F (2007), an Accommodator is a person who relies on pragmatism and action, plans things puts them into practice and enjoys the new experience. The researcher in his research is going to plan things accordingly and examine all data. The researcher also enjoys adopting risks and is quite capable to manage them thereby adapting qualitative approach being a positivist. According to Falconer, D. J and Mackay, D R. (1999), a huge amount of research is conformed to a positivist epistemology. The concerned approach makes it easy apart from consuming less time and also helps an accommodator in carrying out plans and experiments. Being an Accommodator and also a Positivist the researcher will be able to plan and experiment new theories. The research approaches are mainly classified into three type namely qualitative, quantitative and mixed-method approach depending on the type of data they collect (Gill, J. Johnson, P., 2002). According to Hyde F. K (2000), the role of quantitative research is to ignore the particular and describe the general. Since the cultural, political and social construction in the quantitative approach is ignored, it is being criticised. According to Bryman, A. and Bell, E. (2003), the research strategy is constructive, inductive and interpretive but the researchers using qualitative approach always do not adopt these methods. There are two approaches to acquisition of new knowledge i.e. inductive and deductive. (Yin, R 1984) defines the qualitative method of research as an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon in its real-life context when the boundaries between context and phenomenon are not clearly evident and which includes multiple sources of evidence. But Wells ( 1993) cited in Hyde F. K (2000) concluded that any research is not a qualitative stage followed but quantitative stage but it is an inductive followed by a deductive approach. The traditional view is that quantitative enquiry examines data which are numbers; while the qualitative enquiry examines data which are narrative (Easterby-Smith et al, 2002). Qualitative research approach provides the researcher an opportunity to study and understand the issues in depth apart from enabling him to collect data on a large scale basis which in turn makes it applicable for this research to be conducted using the qualitative approach. In contemporary world there exist few authors who dismiss the qualitative research just as an explanatory tool but yet follow this method with success in planning and moulded conclusions when it concerns issues related to real life scenarios. A Qualitative method is a study of how exactly people go about the concepts. This also involves the application of one to one interviewing which acts as a main tool. At times quantitative approaches are confined to it but the necessity of structured schedules is open only for qualitative approach. During interviews the researcher will also bear in mind to maintaining the standards of questions. According to Cassell, C, Symon, G, Buehring, A and Johnson, P (2006), the interview questions focused particularly on how interviewees recognized quality in qualitative research Semi- structured interviews in particular allow the flexibility of the chronology of questions. Another aspect of discussion could be about the interviews that are conducted in qualitative research. According to Kvale (1996) the answers pertaining to a single interview are just not enough and therefore conducting similar interviews on different interviewees would provide an advantage to the interviewers which in turn w ould give out similar outcomes on at a great extent. Therefore looking at the above explanation the researcher decides to support multiple interviews which in turn would also help him in collection of appropriate data. Ethnography is something that has more attention than the participant observation. This bestows thick description as told by Punch (1994) an ethnographer is a research instrument. (Sarsby 1984:96, as quoted in Bryman, A and Bell, E (2003) Each field situation is different and initial luck in meeting good informants, being in the right place at the right time and striking the right note in relationships may be just as important as skill in technique. Indeed many successful episodes in the field do come about through good luck as much as through sophisticated planning and unsuccessful episodes are due as much as bad luck as to bad judgement. Validity and reliability play a credibility of qualitative method. Validity helps in understanding the intensity of the match between the researchers observations his theoretical ideas and reliability is what the members of research team agree to i.e., what they see and hear. The researcher therefore aims to maximize the understanding and knowledg e gained from the above data. Methodology conclusion The researcher thus intends to use a qualitative approach using the deductive and positivist approach and utilize the acquired data in a way to support the research which in turn will improve his ability of understanding. METHODS Individual Interviews Interviews in particular are one of the most widely employed methods in qualitative research. Information through processed data does not give a detailed explanation than interviewing people. Unlike Ethnography, method of interviewing has a complete access to all the areas of interviewing. Since specific topics related to the research are being discussed, Semi structured interviews will be conducted. Arskey, H. and Knight, P. (1999) the researcher will carry out individual interviews with the managers and supervisors (BD) to identify the various management needs. Interview Preparation The researcher will conduct standard interviews and proper scheduling shall be maintained. The researcher will study on the changes in critical success factors to identify questions suitable for the interview for which the information from literature review will provide a suitable platform to ensure proper designing. Interview Settings In order to ensure reliability it is quite important to keep in mind the interview settings (De Vaus, 2001). The researcher will count on each ones opinion to decide the location where the interviews might take place. If possible a location with calm, quite and comfortable ambience would be decided which also would ease the process of recording the interviews. Prior permission from the interviewees would be taken before the recording takes place. Interview Transcription and Analysis After completion of the interview process all the transcriptions will be uploaded and analysed using QSRNvivo (refer protocol 9.1). After loading the transcriptions into the software the nodes within them will be developed in order to make it for the researcher to review and triangulate the emergent themes. Qualitative Data Analysis A daunting and elusive challenge in qualitative research is to provide proper conclusions with supportive evidences. According to Swanson, R and Holton, E (2005) the prime purpose of data analysis is to search for important meanings, themes, and patterns in what the researcher has heard and seen. The process of qualitative data analysis involves collecting data in large amounts. Coding Coding involves the task of organizing information into meaningful categories. According to Swanson, R and Holton, E (2005) coding involves data simplification where the data is broken up and categorised into simpler and more general categories. This useful tool will divide the data into consistent categories thereby making it confined and easy for the researcher to formulate new questions by allocating data appropriately. Documents as sources of data In order to follow the frequency of changes in management such as when and how frequently were the changes made; the documents relating to them would be collected. The researcher will put forth his request for these documents and there is a possibility of the documents coming in hardcopy to which the researcher will then scan them. To gather the essential documents and data required for the research one needs proper access to the organization. Once the researcher receives the documents his main aim would then be to analyse and look at the changes in the organisation. Sampling Semi structured interviews will be conducted which in turn will allow the researcher to conduct an interview using pre planned questions and thus will have an option to change, choose and edit the sequence of questions during the conversation in the interview (Saunders et.al., 2003). According to Bryam, 2008 interviews should be conducted on people who make sense and are knowledgeable and who would also give an added value to the research. It is therefore due to this reason that the researcher has selected various managers, supervisors and employees involved at different levels in the organization that are to be interviewed. PROFILE, PERSONAL SUITABILITY Researchers personal knowledge and skills The researcher is a first class Computer Science Engineering (B.TECH) graduate from University Industry Hub- Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University. During June 2008 until December 2008 the researcher worked with SIERRA ATLANTIC INC as a software developer which helped him realise the importance of the critical success factors in the field of project management. In addition the researcher has carried out some small projects in software project management involving Anti-money laundering system using SQL and JAVA platforms at WIPRO Technologies during his final year of graduation that involved data collection and analysis skills. The above skills of data collection and analysis have provided the researcher with some knowledge and skills that might be useful in the relevant field of qualitative research. Suitability of the writers position in the organisation to carry out the research As the researcher has worked with Sierra Atlantic in the past and is aware of the requirements in a business to off shore, he is extending a helping hand in finding out the possible factors that BD need to follow. The links and contacts developed will enable the researcher to get the required data and interview the key people (management) on the research objective, as permission has been granted from the organisations end. (Refer Appendix 6) The researcher has contacts in this organisation (BD) at the management level to support this research. The area and objective of the research has been highlighted after consulting the management of BD. The organisation understands that the research can help identify the critical success factors of the project, thus the management has vested interest in this research making it easier to explore the subject by being a participant and by providing data relevant to the subject. With the help of his relationships in BD it would be easier for him to g ain access to the organisation and support his research. Research originality Businesses nowadays look onto their comforts to explore its business forgetting the need of knowing the critical success factors. One such business is BD who wants to explore and establish its business worldwide. Just getting equipped with modern technology and resources will not help the business prosper. Maintaining a proper scale of risk, budgets and proper management skills is what this research will make it understand the essence and its importance of critical success factors that it needs to follow. Not only this organisation but other organisations, who fail, lack proper attention in this field. PROJECT MANAGEMENT: PLAN, TIME and COST Project Plan A project plan prepared using Microsoft Office Project 2007 is presented in (Appendix 3). The project started on January 2010 and will finish by the end of April 2010. Certain aspects that are not in direct control of the researcher such as interviews might take longer time and this is the time when the researcher will head back home in the month of February. The required data for data analysis will be collected by the researcher when in home country (India). Part of the written up work will be completed in India along with interviews. The researcher will then produce written up work after returning from India. Resource Required Resources are prime essentials for research methods. Time is something which needs to be maintained by keeping track and could be assessed by the nature of the project. Also another major time consuming procedure is the transcription of interviews recorded. Recording equipment such as a camcorder shall be used to conduct interviews, which already has been approved by the firm as a part of the firms agreement to allow the researcher to conduct interviews. Travel to home country (India) would be required to reach the organisation to conduct personal interviews and meetings and in turn also access individual and confidential data that might be of relevance. As told by many authors that qualitative method is an expensive process therefore the meetings with the managers and supervisors of the organisation are scheduled to take place in the organisations meeting room itself. Necessary documents would be accessed from the organisation as discussed earlier in the methods section. (Refer Appe ndix 4 for consent letter). Access to other resources such as journals to get a detailed knowledge of the literature is required for which the academic library fulfils the above purpose and can be made good use of. The above resources will thus provide a strong basement and good foundation to the research and conclusions made in this project. OTHERS Ethical Issues The researcher guarantees that this research will be carried out in a safe manner and will cause no harm in any sort of physical or personal manner. Interviews will be conducted with the consent of interviewees and will be informed about the recording. All data and information of the body shall be kept confidential and will not be disclosed to anyone without the firms permission (Refer Appendix 5). The researcher will always make sure that the organisation is well informed about the reason for research, and under whose guidance is this being taken. The researcher will also make sure that no questions would be asked during interviews that would break the legal rules and the privacy of the organisation. Limitations Since the researcher is aiming to interview all the managers of the organisation, this would sometimes become challenging as the managers would be scheduled with their priorities and would not be able to allocate sufficient time for the interview process due to which there might be some delays experienced and would therefore become time consuming. PROTOCOLS QSR Nvivo procedure The interview transcript shall be saved in rich text format and the font and style set will be standard Vernada 10. All tables and illustrations will be removed from the documents. Documents will first be uploaded in the QSRNvivo folder and then into QSRNvivo project. After which the nodes will be created in the document and coded using a coder. Later models will be created which in turn will help the researcher to analyze the result. 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