Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Essay

A. What is the difference between a contribution income statement and a traditional income statement? Contribution income statement is an income statement that classifies cost by behavior (fixed cost and variable cost). Traditional income statement is sometimes called the functional income statement. It is an income statement prepared in the multiple-step or single –step income statement format which conforms to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and can be used for external financial reporting. The main difference between the two is that the contribution income statement list variable costs first, followed by fixed costs. Keeping in mind that GAAP and does not permit businesses to use the contribution income statement for financial accounting – it is used only for internal decision making purposes. B. What is the difference between absorption costing and variable costing? Absorption costing is a costing method where product cost includes all the costs to acquire products and get them ready to sell regardless of whether the costs are variable or fixed. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles requires business to use absorption costing for financial accounting. Variable costing is a method of costing where only the costs to acquire products or to get them ready to sell that vary with output are treated as product costs. In other words, only variable product costs are treated as product costs. For manufactures, the difference between absorption costing and variable costing is significant. For example, when Caterpillar uses absorption costing to determine the cost of manufacturing, its product cost includes the direct material, direct labor, variable manufacturing overhead, and fixed manufacturing overhead cost incurred to make the bulldozer. These costs are added to inventory and they are not expensed as cost of goods sold until the bulldozer is sol. However, when Caterpillar uses variable costing, product cost, includes only direct material, direct labor, and variable manufacturing overhead costs. Under variable costing all of Caterpillar’s fixed manufacturing overhead cost is treated as period cost. When Caterpillar uses variable costs are added to inventory (direct material, direct labor, and variable manufacturing overhead). Under variable costing, Caterpillar expenses fixed manufacturing overhead as it is incurred just like it does other period cost such as selling and administrative expense. F. What is the contribution margin ratio and how does it differ from the contribution margin? Contribution margin is the amount remaining after all variable costs have been deducted from sales revenue. It is an important piece of information for managers, because it tells them how much of their company’s original sales dollars remain after deducting variable cost. Contribution margin ratio is the contribution margin expressed as a percentage of sales. Contribution margin ratio can be calculate by dividing the total contribution margin by total sales or by dividing the per unit contribution margin by per unit selling prices.

Tuesday with Morrie response

â€Å"Tuesday with Morris† Is structured at first. Like a school's hand book, then It changes to a diary. Unlike the fiction work, chapters are not labeled one, two, three, and four. Instead, the first chapter was called â€Å"The Syllabus† which is an introduction to Morris, the author's college professor, a significance figure in this book. The second chapter was called â€Å"The Student†, the chapter title refers to the author, who is the student of Morris's.It continues as â€Å"The Orientation† â€Å"The Classroom† â€Å"Taking Attendance†, these chapters tells us about the life of the author after the last time he'd seen Morris (after the author graduated). The author would insert a short conversation in italic text at the end of each chapter about the past conversation he used to have with Morris while he was a college student. The chapter changed into a diary structure after the author met Morris accidentally. He had learn that Morris was dying from a disease called SSL.The author started seeing Morris every Tuesday and he wrote down what they had converse about: â€Å"The First Tuesday We Talk About the World†. The Second Tuesday We Talk About Feeling Sorry for Yourself† and so on†¦ The author's tone was as calm as his dying teacher. The content of the book itself is already interesting. The reader wants to know why and how Morris could stay so positively happy and serene while the disease is making him unable to wipe his behind. It differs from fiction novel because we already know the ending (Morris is going to die) but we still keep on reading.Annie,2 Is the writer trying to elicit a certain response from the reader? Place this memoir in a cultural context and examine the social issues the author offers commentary on, either directly or indirectly. What argument is the writer making? Has this reading altered or enhanced your view of any particular social Issues? The social/culture issue is presented very clearly in this book. Morris and Album (the author) had had diverse discussions about life and the society they were living in. Album is trying to make us question ourselves: what we really need and what is the meaning of our life.Morris said that we all are so busy with our lives we forget what's really the important part of It. For example, the society is brainwashed by having the Idea In their head that owning things Is good. More money, more property, more otherwise, they have no perspective of what is really important anymore. People who goes around keep buying things and boasting around, Morris takes them as people who are â€Å"so hungry for love that they were accepting substitutes†(125,Album). But not money nor power can be substitute for tender and care.People are lost with their own meaning of life they are depending that on the society. They don't cry because the society says it's not okay to be weak, and they feel ashamed because the society makes them feel ashamed. People haven't found their meaning of lives, that's why hey keep running. The next car, the next house, the next Job, then it empties and they have to keep on running. They forget to be present of the actual purpose of being: a meeting with a lost friend but they're thinking about their work, or someone coming for an advice and after listening to them they go â€Å"Uh-huh†.The writer is trying to tell us that the society is lacking love, and not a lot of people had found their meaning of life, until they do, they will stop chasing things and finally be happy with the present. After reading this book, it had effect on me and enhanced my view of his social issue more. I now understood more to issue of why people act in such ways. Annie,3 Explore techniques the writer utilizes in developing character throughout the text. Include discussion of a memorable scene in the book that reveals character and explore how this scene relates to the whole of the text.Album' s technique of developing character is to mention us the same thing every chapter: emphasizing Morris's sick condition. Since the first day they had met accidentally and through out every Tuesday Album had met with Morris, he will always emphasize Morris's SSL condition. The day Album accidentally met his teacher; he was embarrassed to see him and actually bending down to hide. The first Tuesday, Album describes to us how bad Morris's condition was, and it got worst after many Tuesdays. Not only Morris's condition was mentioned, but Album's feelings toward it were also there.On the Eleventh Tuesday, we could see how Morris had affect Album deeply: â€Å"Morris's physical therapist had come earlier in the day, and I usually excused myself when nurses or specialists had business with him. But as the weeks passed and our time ran down, I was increasingly less self-conscious about he physical embarrassment. I wanted to be there. I wanted to observe everything. This was not like me, but then, neither were a lot of things that had happened these last few months in Morris's house† (1 53, Album). He was telling us that he had developed through out the book.The change of Album's thoughts toward Morris's condition is a clear character development. This scene shows us a new kind guy, not embarrassed by anything, which differs from the guy we first met in the start of the book. Morris had changed him and his view on many things. Album was actually impairing his present self to his previous self by saying â€Å"this was not like me†. Album was very successful in using the control group (Morris's condition) and giving us his feelings towards it so we could see the change happening inside him, a brilliant character development technique.Discuss how the writer's experiences have affected and shaped her/his views. Album had his first encounter with death, not with Morris, but via his favorite uncle. His uncle, as he describe, is a very important person in his lif e. His uncle died from a heart attack and it said to have changed Album entirely. He stopped writing songs, stopped dreaming of becoming a musician, stopped going to parties and turned to school instead. He earned a Counselors degree and took the first Job offer: sports writer.He ended up being someone he didn't want to be, a person who's writing about other people's dreams instead of chasing his own. He lived a lonely life, and said his friends he knew in college had lost touch with him. His Jobs gets better, though, earning more salary and he starts owning things. He got a wife, but never had a family. He buried himself in accomplishments, because he believed that he loud control things and could squeeze every bit of happiness out before he died like his uncle. His life stayed busy that way until he was reminded of Morris.Album's life seems to be normal like everyone else, busy. He was the person who Morris had talk about; rushing to find their meaning of life. Album was walking r ight pass his true happiness, as what Morris had pointed out. He never saw the world in Morris's point of view. He had embrace his uncle's death as something totally miserable where else Morris accepted it welcome. It was because of the hardliner Album had had, and Morris pointing loving things out to him;how things he view as â€Å"happiness† turns out to be fake (his mansion, the society he lives in, his Job) and him taking things as granted (his wife).Morris had changed his perspective in a positive way. Annie,5 Memoirs, in some way, typically contain coming of age stories addressing the quest to discover or define a person. Elements may include family, friendship, community, home, culture, values, education, rebellion, travel, politics†¦ What does â€Å"coming of age† mean to your author? At first, Album's quest of his life is to be happy with the life he was living. Making lots of money, work hard on his Journalism Job; try to get wealthier and wealthier. Mor ris, however, had changed his point of view entirely.Morris had told Album the key happiness is not buying new things to satisfy you, or owning more things so you could be above other people. We put our values in the wrong things and it leads us to having a delusional lives. You don't have to listen to the society in order to be happy. Morris reminds Album that you will always be in control of your own happiness, don't let the media delude you, don't let people around you deceive you with their rich social status. Social status or money earns you nowhere because in the end, we all die.Those two things cannot be a substitute for care and tender. Be clear that the quest of Album's life had changed and its elements include: family, friendship, home, love. He had tried to contact his cancer-fighter brother who left the family and flew to Spain for recovery. Even if his brother told him he doesn't want to talk, he still has a good faith within himself and did not regret contacting him at all. After spending plenty of Tuesdays with Morris, â€Å"Coming of age† to Album means to build a little community of those you love and who love you.

Historic American Wars through the Ages

In this research paper, the various wars that America has taken part in are discussed and dissected to identify the root causes for the wars, the actual incidents which transpired and the final consequences in the aftermath of the said wars. Evolution of the Militia System in the Colonial Times The militia is recognized as the local able-bodied force which the British created in order to protect its vested interests in the colonized regions when its own military was insufficient to contain the military responsibilities (Telzrow, 2006).The responsibility of the militia in the case of the United States was to basically supress the native population and safeguard the British interests in the geographical region. The militia was basically equipped and trained along the regular army lines and were to act as the front runners in any altercation. Evolution The movement of the English into the region previously dominated by the Indians was seen as an act against the locals as they were maltr eated and they began to become increasingly hostile.Aside from the local threat, the British were paranoid due to the presence of the Spanish, French and Dutch who were located all around the United States. The requirement for the militia units were that the person should be able-bodied and lie within the age of 15-60 (Telzrow, 2006). The leadership was often bestowed to wealthy families and people who were politically strong. These armies comprised of locals of the surrounding areas and rarely went into battles in distant places as there primary objective was providing security to their own locality.The militia was also restricted due to labor demands since most were common villagers who had some military training. So when the harvesting season was upon them, the militia was understaffed. Eventually the volunteer militia was created which consisted of militia members who voluntarily made the militia and were responsible in procuring their own equipment and weapons. This militia had a more military and social background then the regular militia. ImportanceThe population of the army in the United States was not sufficient enough to provide internal security as well as address the problems with the expanding Dutch, Spanish and French empires (Cooper, 1997). The local militia provided the British with a constant supply of soldiers and they would handle the internal conflicts and handle security issues. The militia provided villages and towns a means of defending themselves against neighboring areas and it was the militia which provided the Civil war with able-bodied men to defend their rights.British View of the Militia The British viewed the militia as a reserve unit for their disposal. Even though the militia was trained under the army, they were rarely taken for any expeditions far from their localities. Since most of the militia members were farmers and villagers they weren’t taken far from their responsibilities. It was this short-sight which eventual ly cost the British, as the militia was the fundamental force behind the Battle for Independence in which the British lost against the united Americans.The militia was led by a trained contingent of professionally trained soldiers and the concept of a dual army was born which existed in the War of Independence. The War of 1812 The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and Great Britain. The war lasted from 1812 to 1815. Causes The causes for the war could be traced to the United States frustration towards the British navy and its actions conducted in the sea.During this era, the British were searching for men who they could use as seamen and for this purpose they would stop and search for deserted sailors on ships headed towards the United States and departing from it. The British did not hesitate in hassling Americans in the process (Galafilm). The British were also pressing for the United States to quit trading with France, since France was at war with Britai n. This was during the Napoleonic era. These strict regulations and haughty attitude eventually frustrated the United States to such an extent that they took notice of these acts in the United States Congress.The United States felt that their rights on the seas had been violated. The United States felt that if it tried some economic approaches then under the pressure the British would fold but their attempts at constraining the economic activities across the sea routes proved ineffective and they eventually declared war against Great Britain on June 18, 1812. Conduct of the War Responding to the call for war, the United States decided to win over the Canadian region occupied by the British. The United States launched a three pronged attack in 1812 which failed.During the year however the Americans were able to win a series of single-ship engagements and were able to harry British shipping. In response to these actions the British tightened the coastlines and created blockades. The o utcome of this was that the American trade suffered, and their finances were weakened, and the entire coastline was exposed to attacks from the British. In 1813 the Americans attempted to take over Canada again. Yet similar to past expeditions, this attempt failed at once. 1814 however proved to be the decisive year, as the British had won over the French.They began concentrating their attention towards the United States front and began harrying troops along to the States in order to suppress the American revolt. They concentrated on attacking on 3 major fronts; New York, New Orleans and Chesapeake (Berton, 1988). The British were able to gain victory in all 3 places and the Americans were barely able to resist the forces. Consequence In 1815 the Battle of New Orleans took place in which the British’s superior forces were unable to overpower the lesser American force.Using strategic miscalculations on the part of the British, the Americans were able to defeat them in the hist oric battle. The end of the war was marked by the Treaty of the Ghent, in which none of the problems were resolved. Winners or Losers The War of 1812 did not provide any conclusive winners or losers as both sides suffered many losses economically and with respect to lives. The period from 1812-1815 marked an economical decline for America and it did not help the United States as such. The Mexican War of 1846The Mexican War was fought between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. Causes After the annexation of Texas, Mexico appeared claiming Texas as part of its own geographic boundaries (Son of the South, 2003). This came as a surprise to the Americans as Mexico was already a recognized state with its own geographic borders clearly identified by the United States of America, England, France and other governments. The Mexicans were also causing trouble since the Republican government had succeeded in their country and they were a constant thorn in the side of the United Sta tes.The state of Mexico would replenish its treasury and gather funding by plundering United States vessels in the Gulf of Mexico. Upon the United States complain, the governments formulated treaties yet they were never acted upon and the plundering continued to transpire unabated. The War In 1845, President Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to occupy a position near the Rio Grande, as a precautionary measure since both sides were becoming increasingly hostile towards each other.During the expedition moving closer to Rio Grande, General Zachary began the construction of Fort Brown, which was later targeted by the Mexicans as a point to be recognized and neutralized. The first battle was at Palo Alto, after the Mexicans began gathering around the Fort Brown and it appeared as if it would fall. In this battle the United States won against the gathered Mexican forces. In the month of May 1846, both sides openly declared war and urged their states to take the neighbor as a recognized threat.What followed later were a number of expeditions across Texas into the state of Mexico, with the generals defeating the local forces and extending the United States controlled territory. Matamoras, Monterrey, Veracruz, Cerro Gordo, etc. were majorly all successful campaigns conducted by the U. S. generals. During this war California also gained independence as the locals declared the said independence after the Mexican forces were repelled from the state. The northward expedition by General Scott of the United States forces was undeterred and in September 13, the city of Mexico had fallen to the U.S. government and the Mexicans were ultimately defeated. A reason which could be attributed to the constant defeat by the Mexicans against the Americans could be that the Mexicans at the time were locked in internal conflicts as well, which resulted in their inability to unite against the foreign threat (Soto, 2006). Consequences of the Mexican War After the Mexicans were defeated i n battle, in February 1848 the Mexican Congress agreed to establish a treaty of peace with the United States generals at Guadalupe Hidalgo. Both sides ratified to it on July 4 of the same year.The stipulation of the treaty was that Mexico would be evacuated of American troop’s presence in 3 months and payments worth $3,000,000 in hand and $12,000,000 by the United States to Mexico over a period of 4 installments would be paid for the development of New Mexico and California which had become U. S. territories. A major consequence of the war was the distinguishing of the boundary dividing Mexico and the United States. When the treaty was ratified in 1854, the treaty of 1848 was revised and the boundaries were fixed and the United States agreed to pay $7,000,000 to $10,000,000 as a consideration to Mexico.The conditions set under the peace treaty were all complied with and peaceful relations have existed between the two nations since then. The Spanish American War The Spanish Am erican War was a brief yet conclusive battle which lasted from April 1898 to July 1898, during which time the Spanish Empire was destroyed and offering the United States with several new possessions in the Caribbean and the Pacific (Department Of The Navy — Naval Historical Center, 1998). Causes What basically marked the beginning of the war between the Spanish navy and the United States navy was the attack on the battleship Maine.This was an unprecedented attack on U. S. property and it incited the United States to go to war. Even though it has yet to be proven that the attack on the battleship was Spanish inspired (Buscheni, 2000), the U. S. newspapers used their influential position to paint a grim picture regarding the Spanish. Appeals placed in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines all made it appear as the regions were under Spanish oppressive rule and helped precipitating the war and providing tender to the flames.The newspapers in the United States were seeing a boom as they were the major source of information for the populace. Using their position, newspapers began writing pieces by which there sales would be maximized disregarding the truth and how events had really transpired (Buscheni, 2000). Incidents After the sinking of the battleship Maine in 15 February 1898, the Americans launched an attack in May of the same year in Manila. The battle of Manila Bay was between the Spanish fleet positioned there against the United States Navy.The battle was one sided as the Spanish fleet comprised of large wooden ships whereas the U. S. Navy consisted of smaller steel vessels. After the firing from the U. S. Navy, led by Admiral George Dewey, the Spanish fleet situated in Manila was completely destroyed. This was one of the most successful campaigns undertaken by the United States as the only casualty during this campaign resulted from sunstroke and not actual combat (Independence Hall Association). Another expedition was launched in Cuba under the c ommand of General William Shafter, who led a force which was vastly outnumbered 7 to 1.The true glory of the Cuban expedition is accredited to a group of fighters referred to as the Rough Riders, who comprised of cowboys, adventurous college students and ex-convicts who had volunteered for the cause. The Rough Riders, Shafter’s forces and 2 African American regiments all collaborated in charging up San Juan Hill and bottling the Spanish in the Santiago Harbor. The Spanish lost this war when the Spanish fleet was destroyed by the American forces. ConsequencesThe United States received the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico after the Treaty of Paris was signed which basically awarded the victors. Cuba attained independence after this war and Spain was given $20 Million to recover its losses from these battles. Yet however, the key consequence of the Spanish American War was the proof of the strength of journalism in the United States. The effectiveness of the newspapers to influ ence the populace into thinking about right and wrong and coming up with conclusions based on what they wished to happen was evident in this war.Another consequence of this war could be the realization of the expanding American empire, as the desire to â€Å"free† Cuba from oppressive Spanish rule was replaced by the occupation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines by the United States. The U. S. sentiment supported the expansions and it is evident to this day of the urge of United States to occupy other countries to provide â€Å"peace† and â€Å"freedom†. Jomini and Clausewitz Fundamental Principles of War Swiss wrier Antoine- Henri Jomini and Prussian Carl von Clausewitz were military theorists who became popular during the era of the French Revolution and Napolean.Both have been highly influential in framing military thinking. The theories presented by both Jomini and Clausewitz are seen as either exact opposites of each other or as identical in most respects. The reason behind such a conflicting view is due to the similar background shared by the two theorists. Both had a common historic interest in the campaigns led by Frederick the Great, both shared long personal experience in the Napoleonic wars (even though both were on different sides), and both read each other’s books.After taking into account the mentioned reasons it comes as no surprise as both theorists saw war in the same light, just from different angles (Bassford, 1993). Fundamental Differences between the two theorists In its most basic form, both theorists were on opposing sides of each other during the French Napoleonic era. Jomini acted as an interpreter and general for the French forces, while Clausewitz had fought numerous times against the French being in the Prussian army. Both held a differing perspective regarding the concepts related to the history and role of the military.Clausewitz book, On War, clearly indicated that history was a dynamic process and it should not be looked upon with a static world view as values, standards and situations differ with respect to the context of the times. His theories bring to light a concept which states that war can vary its form depending on the circumstances in which it is being fought, hence the nature of the policy and the society within it is waged is crucial to take into account and should not be overlooked as a constant. On the other hand, Jomini’s views regarding war were simplistic in nature and were static.He recognized war as a battle of superior minds, in the form of military generals and heroes, and reflected that war was beyond normal people’s comprehension. He referred to war as a â€Å"drama† with differences in wars arising due to differing technologies, political motivations and people involved. His work was thus more appealing to military educators as its purpose was to teach practical lessons to officers of a superior grade. Even though the philosophies of b oth theorists differed, both discussed the same materials in their works which were practically applicable to scenarios which may arise during wars.Similarities and Sharing of Opinions Initially Jomini appeared to be a role model for Clausewitz, as in Clausewitz first book â€Å"Principles of War†, we can see the references and acknowledgements Clausewitz aimed towards Jomini (Handel). Both also shared a lot of similar concepts and terminologies which reflected on their acceptance of the others opinion. The fundamental Jomini theory related to warfare which lies in accordance with the theory proposed by Clausewitz was the concept of the centre of gravity.Both theorists shared the opinion that all armies have a central point where if they were attacked then the outcome would turn in favor of the attacker. Yet in due time Clausewitz began to think otherwise. His argument was that Jomini did not take into account the external variables which could not be calculated such as the m orals of the soldiers, the level of motivation, and other psychological factors. These arguments were however unjust as Jomini identified morale of the soldiers and other such concepts in his work the â€Å"Summary of the Art of War†.Yet this was published after Clausewitz’ death and were after Jomini had read â€Å"On War†. Relevance to Today’s World In truth the theories discussed by Jomini are more popularly enforced in today’s world rather than the works of Clausewitz which is in one way a disadvantage as war has become overly simplistic in nature not taking into account values and other humanistic factors. Becoming purely mathematical and artistic in nature has cost us humanity’s values. In today’s volatile environment we find coexistence between the two approaches.We can find instances where the Clausewitz approach is applied where wars are fought along the grounds of being righteous and to further humanistic elements (such as t he Afghan war and Iraq invasion), whereas other times we find the human element entirely lacking (the Turks and Kurd war). Both the theories are applicable as taking into account the Clausewitz belief that wars should be taken in context to the situation and not as a point in time, the theories adapted by leading strategists fall into a category which is a mixture of both the theorists views.References Bassford, C. (1993). Jomini And Clausewitz: Their Interaction. 23rd Meeting of the Consortium on Revolutionary Europe . Georgia State University . Berton, P. (1988). Flames across the Border . Buscheni, J. (2000). Remember the Maine. Retrieved March 22, 2009, from The Spanish American War: http://www. smplanet. com/imperialism/remember. html Cooper, J. (1997). The Rise of the National Guard: The Evolution of the American Militia, 1865-1920. Nebraska Press. Department Of The Navy — Naval Historical Center. (1998, October 16).EVENTS — Spanish-American War. Retrieved March 22, 2009, from Naval Historical Center: http://www. history. navy. mil/photos/events/spanam/eve-pge. htm Galafilm. (n. d. ). The War of 1812: Introduction. Retrieved March 22, 2009, from Galafilm. com: http://www. galafilm. com/1812/e/intro/index. html Handel, M. I. Masters of War. Routledge. Independence Hall Association. (n. d. ). The Spanish American War and its Consequences. Retrieved March 22, 2009, from U. S. History: http://www. ushistory. org/us/44d. asp Son of the South. (2003). The Mexican War.Retrieved March 22, 2009, from SonoftheSouth. com: http://www. sonofthesouth. net/mexican-war/war. htm Soto, M. (2006, March). The Aftermath of War: A Legacy of the US-Mexican War. Retrieved March 22, 2009, from The U. S. -Mexican War: http://www. pbs. org/kera/usmexicanwar/aftermath/legacy. html Telzrow, M. E. (2006, May 1). Citizen Soldiers: the militia: the story of America's citizen soldiers shows that the militia and the second amendment are not obsolete. The populace at large w ill always fulfill essential militia functions. The New American .

Qualitative analysis of Anions and Cations Essay

Qualitative analysis of Anions and Cations - Essay Example These chemistry aspects become important in conducting the deductive process utilised in analysing the ions. Other than the chemistry involved in the analysis, logic and common sense also play a fundamental role in understanding the qualitative analysis. Qualitative analysis of ions contained within various substances only detect the ion and not the element contained in the substance. In conducting these experiments, there will be various objectives that will be achieved and these will be the main aims of conducting the experiment. The aims of this experiment will include the following. The process of identifying the cations present within a substance involves a series of activities being undertaken in order to deductively determine the actual identity of ions within a substance. This is because there could be more than one cation within a substance and an elimination process must be applied to correctly determine the identity of ions. The ion are grouped in five categories that are defined using specific precipitating reagent. The five groups must be done in a predetermined order. The first experiment will be aimed at determining insoluble chlorides that might be present within the presented substance. This will involve the addition of HCl into an aqueous solution to produce the characteristics of the insoluble chlorides that will be used to determine the present cation. The second experiment will involve testing for insoluble sulphides by the addition sulphuric acid as the reagent. The insoluble sulphides will be the final products that will be precipitated from the reaction. The fourth experiment will involve the soluble substance from the third experiment through the addition of a solution of ammonia. This will be testing for insoluble sulphides that could be formed from this reaction. The separation of ions from the substances that contain them involves the addition of reagents to the substances in seeking enhance the reaction that will

Learning, Training and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Learning, Training and Development - Essay Example The paper describes individual learning. The individual gains personal growth which he/she uses to enhance performance and develop career. Sadler-Smith identifies various theories that underpin learning at an individual level. These consist of: cognitive, behaviourist, social learning, and situated learning theories. The cognitive theory implies that an individual acquires knowledge and problem solving skills that he/she transfers to new everyday jobs through mental processes. The behaviourist theory by Ivan Pavlov, Skinner and J.B Watson views learning as a reaction to stimuli and individuals differ in their rate of learning. The social learning theory by Bandura emphasizes learning through experience since individuals cannot rely on their own actions only. They learn by observing others and only demonstrate the learned behaviour when they expect a reward. Harri-Augstein and Thomas disagree that learning is ‘a conversational construction, reconstruction and exchange of persona lly significant, relevant and viable meanings with awareness and controlled purpossiveness’. The language of dialogue used in the conversation is in form of internal thought processes and external processes of communication with others which leads to purposeful enquiry and change in mental models. The role of training practitioners is therefore to facilitate the process of dialogue and enquiry. Group learning occurs as a result of collective individual learning. ... The behaviourist theory by Ivan Pavlov, Skinner and J.B Watson views learning as a reaction to stimuli and individuals differ in their rate of learning. The social learning theory by Bandura emphasizes learning through experience since individuals cannot rely on their own actions only. They learn by observing others and only display the learned behaviour when they expect a reward. Harri-Augstein and Thomas (1991) argue that learning is ‘a conversational construction, reconstruction and exchange of personally significant, relevant and viable meanings with awareness and controlled purpossiveness’ (329). The language of dialogue used in the conversation is in form of internal thought processes and external processes of communication with others which leads to purposeful enquiry and change in mental models. The role of training practitioners is therefore to facilitate the process of dialogue and enquiry. Group (Team) Learning Group learning occurs as a result of collective i ndividual learning. Sadler-Smith (2006) argues that learning takes place within a social framework of participation hence the need to learn as a group and work collectively to achieve a common objective. Since, employees learn from each other in the group, the group should comprise of individuals with different skills and are willing to share knowledge with other members (Fenwick, 2008). The teams should be committed, collaborative, and have good communication skills. However, the management has the role to keep the groups motivated so as to gain commitment and success by giving feedback, recognizing and rewarding performance and letting the group formulate its objectives.

Euthanasia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Euthanasia - Research Paper Example In addition, the practice would lessen the urgency to develop new medicines designed to prolong life. Those who oppose the practice on religious grounds argue that it is ‘playing God’ therefore sinful. Health care professionals cite the Hippocratic Oath which forbids them from carrying out this procedure. This paper will examine the moral and ethical concerns surrounding euthanasia, clarify the meaning of the term, present arguments for the practice and conclude with a recommendation to resolve the issue. Euthanasia describes a situation in which a terminally ill patient is administered a lethal dose of medication, is removed from a life-support system or is simply allowed to die without active participation such as by resuscitation. A doctor’s involvement in the procedure could be to either prescribe a lethal dose of drugs with the express intent of ending a life or by intravenously inserting a needle into the terminal patient who then activates a switch that adm inisters the fatal dose (Naji et al, 2005). Assisted suicide by physicians and non-physicians has been legal in Switzerland since WWII. In addition, three organizations within the country have been established to aid terminally ill patients. They provide patient counseling as well as the drugs for use in the procedure. Lethal injections, however, are not allowed. The unusual situation in Switzerland holds that assisted suicide is allowed as long as a physician is not a part of the process (Hurst & Mauron, 2003). Euthanasia has been legal in Belgium since 2002. Each case must be reviewed by two physicians before the procedure is carried out by either ingestion or injection. In The Netherlands, euthanasia has been legal for four years but has been tolerated for two decades. The guidelines for physicians handed down from the government include; â€Å"the patient must be suffering unbearably and have no hope of improvement, must ask to die and the patient must clearly understand the co ndition and prognosis (and) a second doctor must agree with the decision to help the patient die† (â€Å"The Fight†, 2004). Proponents of euthanasia are concerned with human suffering. Many diseases such as cancer cause a lingering and excruciatingly painful death. Watching a loved one as they wither away from the disease eating away at their organs is tough enough on family members, but to see them suffer even when drugs are administered is unbearable not to mention what the patient must endure. This emotionally and physically torturous situation is played out in every hospital, every day of the year but serves no purpose. To many, it is unimaginable to allow anyone, for example, a sweet old grandmother who has spent her life caring for others, to spend the last six months of their life enduring constant pain, unable to control bodily functions, convulsing, coughing, vomiting, etc. The psychological pain for both the family and patient is unimaginably horrific as well. If grandma were a dog, most all would agree that the only humane option would be to ‘put her to sleep.’ U.S. citizens are guaranteed certain rights but not the right to ‘die with dignity.’ This right is not prohibited by the Constitution but by religious zealots who evidently put the quality of life of a dog above grandma’s. Patients suffering from Alzheimer’s may not suffer physical pain but endure a different type of pain

Week4Journal PHI445 Personal & Organizational Ethics Assignment

Week4Journal PHI445 Personal & Organizational Ethics - Assignment Example 1). Customers value affordability and are willing to shift to cheaper options while competitors discount their products. This occurs amidst high production costs. Competitiveness of the fast food industry, cost of production, and scarcity of resources among consumers are the reasons for the pressure and identifies competitors, consumers, and production resources as the responsible factors to the problem that strains McDonalds’ profit margin. Reducing production costs through retrenching some workers and increasing workload of remaining workers, developing a brand image that will attract and retain customers are some of the possible solutions to the problem. Brand imaging is the better solution because of its focus on the market and its high probability of success through marketing initiatives. in addition and contrary to reducing number of employees and increasing their workload that promises harm to the society, brand imaging promises benefits to the company, its employees wh o will retain their jobs, and consumers who will derive greater utility. Marketing challenges and scepticism are however significant to brand image development (Wong, 2013). Change in taste and preferences challenge the company’s objectives by reducing perceived value of its products and increasing competition from retailers that the changes favour. The changes may be pushed by customers needs or pulled by competitors’ innovation and this identify responsibility of the two classes of stakeholders. The change leads to reduced demand and therefore lower profitability of the organization. Sensitivity to customers’ needs and market trends, and innovation into influencing customers’ taste are the possible solutions. Research based innovation is the suitable solution because of its wide scope and benevolence even though it faces the cost challenge (Wong, 2013). CARE International is an international nongovernmental organization that deals in

Patsy Cline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Patsy Cline - Essay Example The posthumous Patsy bears only a partial resemblance to the live Patsy, who we can now know only through interviews and pictures." (Jensen, 107) An analysis of what has happened to Patsy Cline's image over time reveals how femininity is constructed in country music and popular culture, in general. This paper, therefore, focuses on the life and music career of Patsy Cline in relation to her country music, which discloses the true merit of her music and answers the question what makes her so important a musical genius. Patsy Cline has been remarkably considered to be the most influential country musician of the last century, and her posthumous influence on the development of country music is even more significant. Her performance career started in the mid 1940s and came to a startling close with her murder in a plane crash in 1963. Patsy started her recording career in Nashville by the year 1955 and soon became a member of the Opry. Her rich tone and emotionally expressive bold contralto voice earned her a great status among her contemporaries. These qualities, accompanied by her image as the sole mover in the country music industry, made Patsy an international figure, and they also inspired several vocalists of different music genres. Therefore, the image of Cline as the most celebrated of the country musicians is categorical. She was a country pop star and her fame was established by the various performing on radio and television broadcasts etc. Patsy Cline has been a country artist who consisten tly fought the pop styling, and one of the major factors ensuring her success as a renowned musician is her desire to be... Patsy Cline has been remarkably considered to be the most influential country musician of the last century, and her posthumous influence on the development of country music is even more significant. Her performance career started in the mid 1940s and came to a startling close with her murder in a plane crash in 1963. Patsy started her recording career in Nashville by the year 1955 and soon became a member of the Opry. Her rich tone and emotionally expressive bold contralto voice earned her a great status among her contemporaries. These qualities, accompanied by her image as the sole mover in the country music industry, made Patsy an international figure, and they also inspired several vocalists of different music genres. Therefore, the image of Cline as the most celebrated of the country musicians is categorical. She was a country pop star and her fame was established by the various performing on radio and television broadcasts etc. Patsy Cline has been a country artist who consisten tly fought the pop styling, and one of the major factors ensuring her success as a renowned musician is her desire to be consistent with country style as against the trends of popular pop music of the time. Though her voice had been flat, rich and ‘pop’ sounding, she always chose to be a country singer, and her resentment of being forced into recording slower, more melodic material earned her the crown of country music.

Critical Thinking and Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critical Thinking and Writing - Essay Example The use of first person in the poem informs the purpose of and the message carried by the poem. By referring to her personal self, the author draws the line between â€Å"it’s about me† and â€Å"it’s not about me.† If the author had presented the poem in third person, the subject matter of the poem would have been different from what is communicated in first person. In this respect, presenting the poem in first person best suits the intention of the author with regard to the underlying message in the poem. Audience to this poem can be diverse and dynamic. In light of enjoying the poem more, however, groups that need motivation and inspiration constitute a perfect audience. Such groups could be persons seeking employment positions, especially in fields that require direct relations and interactions with diverse communities. Social workers for example would enjoy this poem most. This is due to the nature of their professional duties, which are directly executed in community

Make a recommendation for Free Range on how it should restructure to Essay

Make a recommendation for Free Range on how it should restructure to take its operations global - Essay Example Before analysing the two strategies, it is important to examine the facts and context of this paper, specifically those pertaining to Free Range. Firstly, the company has been in the market for a considerable amount of time (since the mid-1980s) and has remained sustainable despite similar businesses exiting the industry due to challenging conditions. Secondly, the company is very committed to social responsibility and the environment, which appear to guide its corporate policy. Thirdly, the company is in a good position financially. This is reflected by the fact that its sales have been growing by an average of 20 percent annually; this has given it a huge presence in the American cottage cheese segment. The three facts outlined above show that Free Range would benefit more from takeovers than mergers. Although mergers would give the company a sound platform on which to build its expansion program, there is a significant risk of compromising the company’s values, especially if it partners with much larger firms. Although it is established in the US, the company will face larger and more competitive rivals in the European and Latin American markets (Cartwright & Cooper, 2012). Merging with smaller companies would reduce the company’s expansion momentum while merging with larger firms would deny it the freedom and control it needs to define its corporate strategy. With its significant share of the US market and high sales revenues, Free Range has adequate capacity to successfully execute takeovers. Mergers do not suit the company’s status and profile, considering that the best option would be to partner with larger firms that would suppress its visibility. Takeovers offer more flexibility than mergers and Free Range needs to be as adaptable as possible. Through takeovers, the company can acquire midsized firms in foreign markets and use them

Nursing Issues in healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing Issues in healthcare - Essay Example Patricia has served various leadership roles at Scripps Health, Presbyterian Intercommunity and Southwest Healthcare. In addition to leadership skills, she has a bachelor’s degree in nursing and a master’s in nursing leadership. As a leader, Patricia is charged with making sure that the hospital meets its patient care, clinical and staffing standards. She also advises senior management on the best nursing practices and patient care. She is also responsible for managing nursing budgets, establishing nursing policies and procedures. Patricia also plans patient services and participates in cross-departmental decision making with other top managers. In addition, Patricia is responsible for all the nursing departments in the hospital. The discussion regarding generational considerations in nursing was very helpful because the leader provided a lot of light and information on the issue. Recently, much attention has focused on the generational cohorts that define the current society. The generational groups include the veterans, baby boomers, generation x, generation Y and the home landers (Stanley, 2010). The groups have difference defining characteristics and pose different challenges for nurse leaders. As such, it is important for nurse leaders to possess awareness of the generational differences and the accompanying varying communication styles for the different groups. Understanding the groups has implication in nursing from two perspectives. Firstly, it facilitates communication between the nurse and the patients or families. Secondly, it enhances communication among nurses and other health professional working together. The traditionalists are an old generation with members who follow the rules, value authority and chain of command. They are likely to respond to formal communication than casual or a direct approach. The baby boomers grew in a time of prosperity that formed the basis for their

First Day of School Essay Example for Free

First Day of School Essay Like you, Im going back to school tomorrow. Unlike you, I am the professor. So I can tell you what at least one professor thinks about your concerns. First, thank you for thinking about being prepared for the first day of class. I always assume that the students have not had time yet to get to the book store, so my first day plans do not require the book. Many of my colleagues, however, do use it the first day, and you are wise to have it with you. Yes, the books are heavy (and expensive we dont like the cost any more than you do) but it will make you look involved and dedicated if you have it ready to go. About what time to arrive, again, as an instructor, I appreciate your not wanting to come late. I refuse to let students enter the room after the lesson has started (but I am very flexible for the first few days while everyone is still trying to find where the rooms are. Even I get lost once in a while.) That early arrival may give you the opportunity to talk with someone interesting in the class, make new friends, and become more comfortable. For heavens sake, talk to people! While you are waiting for the class to begin, dont be afraid to introduce yourself to other students and get comfortable. I usually arrive early so that I can get to know the students. I talk to them about things which have nothing to do with the lesson, simply because I like to know who they are. And this is the final point (thank goodness!) The instructor is not your enemy. Instructors enjoy students, learn from them, and are glad to have them in class. We want you to learn, and we get our personal satisfaction when we see the little light go on over your head. Relax, because you will have all the support you ever wanted.

Reflection for professional development

Reflection for professional development Reflective practice has been recognised by health care professionals as an essential tool to link theory to practice, which can help us learn from our experiences (Jasper 2003a). During my first placement I experienced an incident that a struggled to deal with because I did not understand the condition that the patient had. By using a reflective model I am going to revisit this incident with the intention of learning from it to improve my future practice. There are many reflective models that I could have used, such as Johns Model of Structured Reflection, but the reason that I decided not to was because Johns (2004) reflects on uncovering the knowledge behind the incident and the actions of others present, which I felt was not suited to my chosen incident. The reflective model that I have chosen to use is Gibbs Reflective Cycle (1988), as I feel that this is a simple model, which is well structured and easy to use at this early stage in my course. Gibbs (1988) will help me to explor e the experience further, using a staged framework as guidance. Description what happened? I was assisting an elderly patient that had Parkinsons disease, with her drink. It was my second shift and I had not had much contact with the patients on the ward, but I felt confident enough to assist this patient as I have previous experience of care. I was holding the cup for the patient whilst she was sucking the fluid through a straw, but she was struggling as she wasnt sucking hard enough. She became distressed, and said that I was stopping the fluid from coming out of the straw and being evil towards her; even trying to kill her! I was shocked by her accusations but thought that there must be a logical explanation, so I stayed with her, reassuring and assisting the best I could, as I didnt want her to see that I was distressed. I then left the ward and immediately went to seek advice from my mentor. Feeling what were you thinking and feeling? Initially, at the time my feelings were for the patient, as I was concerned that my actions had caused her to feel threatened, but I didnt understand why. I felt embarrassed by her comments, and doubted myself, as this was a simple task so how could I get it wrong? I began to feel tearful, but then quickly reminded myself that there must be a reasonable explanation. Evaluation what was good and bad about the experience? I felt happy and confident to assist the patient. I referred to the Nursing Midwifery Council (NMC) code in my head and recalled that I should gain consent before offering to assist them NMC (2008), which she agreed. The patient appeared quite and I thought it would be nice for her to have some interaction, and to also feel at ease with a student nurse caring for them. The downside was that the patient felt that I was being nasty to them. It also made me doubt myself and the care that I was providing. I was also in a bay area, so other patients would have heard their comments. Would they then look at me differently, and not trust me to care for them too? Analysis what sense can you make of the situation? The patient had no recollection of what she had said to me and since the incident she has made these comments to other staff, which has put me at ease and made me realise that I had done nothing wrong. My mentor explained that a patient with Parkinsons can often behave like this as they develop dementia, which Noble (2007) also confirms. Since the incident I have read about Parkinsons and am now aware that the patients expressionless face Netdoctor (2008), also made her comments appear more confusing and aggressive. Conclusion what else could you have done? I could have asked my mentor before assisting the patient what the disease was like, so that I was prepared. I did ponder about calling over another member of staff, which may have helped me to understand that the patient had a condition that was making her act this way, but I didnt want to appear incapable of doing my job. Action Plan what would you do if this situation arose again? I am now more prepared for any future patients with this disease as I have researched it. I will take the time to talk to them, to make sure they are at ease with me, before providing any care. If they appear distressed I would get another member of staff to help me to reassure them. From my reflection it is clear to me that learning through reflective practice and being able to identify, and understand, my skills and abilities in both theory and practice are crucial for me to be able to act as a professional practitioner (Jasper 2003b). It is also important that I look at, and be honest about, the strengths and weaknesses that I have. So that I am able to identify these I have produced two Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis, one for theory (Appendix A), and one for practice (Appendix B). I am now going to explore these further, identifying the main areas that I feel are important to me, and my future development. My SWOT analysis for theory identifies my strengths, as a whole, as being very organised with my preparation for the work I have to undertake, with strong determination and motivation to succeed. (Appendix C) is a reflection that I wrote after completing my 1st week in university and demonstrates these qualities towards the course. It was important for me to realise that enrolling on a professional university course would mean that I became an independent learner, who must have strong organisational skills in order to succeed (Burns Sinfield 2008a). I believe that from my preparation this is a very strong strength that I have developed. The weaknesses that I have identified in my SWOT analysis for theory, that I feel will affect my grades in the future if they are not improved are referencing, revision technique and exceeding the word limit on assignments. I feel that these are weaknesses because they are new to me and as a mature student I have been outside of academic study for some time. (Appendix D) for example, is my feedback from my 1st assignment and shows how I have been penalised one grade point for exceeding the word limit. I will need to look at these weaknesses more closely and plan to improve them overtime, as Burns Sinfield (2008b) have commented, it takes time and practice to be a good student; we are not just born that way. My SWOT analysis for practice shows my strengths as wanting to help people, being determined to succeed, my willingness to learn and valuing people. These are all good qualities of a being a successful and professional nurse (NMC 2008). I have always had a caring nature and I am very determined to succeed and be successful in what I choose to do. (Appendix E) is a reflective journal that I wrote after my second week in placement and clearly highlights my strengths in practice. I feel that during my time as a student nurse I will build on these strengths even more. I have identified my weaknesses in practice, from my SWOT analysis, as communicating with difficult patients, showing emotion and aseptic technique. (Appendix F) demonstrates how I found it difficult to communicate with a patient because I did not understand her condition. It was also difficult for me not to take her behaviour to heart and show emotion at the time, it is clear that this is an area I need to build on for the future. I also need to practice my aseptic technique as I feel very unsure of the whole process, but need to be able to get it right as it will protect me and the patient from contamination (Dougherty Lister 2008). According to Bulman Schutz (2008), nursing requires effective preparation so that we can care competently, with knowledge and professional skills being developed over a professional lifetime. One way this can be achieved is through what Schon (1987) refers to as technical rationality, where professionals are problem solvers that select technical means best suited to particular purposes. Problems are solved by applying theory and technique. However, Bulman Schutz (2008) argue that this is failure to educate and for us to learn from practice and develop thinking skills. I would agree with them, as I learn best from practical experience, and build on it to improve my skills. With this is mind, I am now going to focus on my weaknesses, in both theory and practice, and state how, when and why I plan to improve on these. Theory Weaknesses Weakness Identified Referencing This is very new to me and when writing my 1st assignment I found that it took up much of my time, as I struggled with it. Revision Technique According to Cottrell (2008a), reading through notes over and over is a pitfall with revision. This is the strategy that I would normally use. Exceeding the word limit on assignments I must take more care with this as on my 1st assignment I was penalised for it. How I Plan to Improve Referencing To practice writing out references from different sources. Revision Technique I have decided to use the advice of Cottrell (2008a) and produce index cards that ask me questions relevant to my chosen subject. I will also produce a timetable in order to manage my time. Exceeding the word limit on assignments I will count the words manually and make sure that I do not use the whole +10% again so that I am in danger of being penalised. When I Plan to Improve Referencing When I receive my feedback from my 1st assignment I will use the comments on my referencing to guide me. Revision Technique I will start preparing my index cards immediately and plan my timetable to start after submission of this assignment. Exceeding the word limit on assignments This is the next assignment that I will hand in so I will make sure that I adhere to the word limit. Why I Plan to Improve Referencing Referencing plays an essential part within my writing Gimenez (2007), so correct use and structure of references will improve my grades. Revision Technique Improving my revision technique will mean that I am more relaxed before an exam, and will help me to achieve better grades (Cottrell 2008a). Exceeding the word limit on assignments Adhering to the word limit as Cottrell (2008b) suggests, will improve my grades in future assignments. Practice Weaknesses Weakness Indentified Communicating with difficult patients On my 1st placement I experienced a patient that had communication difficulties which I found difficult to deal with. Showing emotion I am a very sensitive person and feel anxious that I will get upset in front of a difficult patient, or a patients family at an inappropriate time, e.g. patient death. Aseptic technique In practice I need to get this procedure right, but I do not feel 100% confident with it at present as I have not had much practice with it. How I Plan to Improve Communicating with difficult patients I will observe as much as possible my mentor, and other nurses communication skills. Showing emotion I will use reflective models to make sense of what has happened, and also discuss it with my mentor. Aseptic technique I have asked my mentor if I can practice this procedure as much as possible. When I Plan to Improve Communicating with difficult patients Each time I am on placement I will plan to improve my skills in communication. Showing emotion I will start to use reflective models in my practice now so that I have experience of using them ready for when an emotional situation happens. Aseptic technique During the rest of my time in my 1st placement I plan to practice this so that I am comfortable with it by the end of my 1st semester. Why I Plan to Improve Communicating with difficult patients As a student nurse, and in line with the NMC (2008), I should make the effort to meet patients communication needs to provide the best care that I can. Showing emotion I want to appear professional to patients and their family, however I do agree with Scott (2008), that sometimes we should not be afraid to show emotion as a nurse, as long as we maintain our professional image at the same time. Aseptic technique The correct use of aseptic technique will protect myself and the patient from healthcare associated infections (Hart 2007). It will also prevent infections from being spread around the rest of the ward, which could harm other patients. I have clearly demonstrated that by using a reflective model as a guide I have been able to break down, make sense of, and learn from my experience during my 1st placement. So that I could identify my strengths and weaknesses in both theory and practice easily, I found that the use of a SWOT analysis provided a good framework to follow. I have then built on this by producing a development plan that focuses on my weaknesses and how, when and why I plan to improve on them. I will now begin to work on these, the main reason being of course, that I am determined to be a competent, professional nurse in the future.

Scarcity and the Unlimited Wants of Mankind

Scarcity and the Unlimited Wants of Mankind Introduction In my view, economic is a study of the how the society uses the scarcity of resource to satisfy the needs and wants of people. Different well-known economists have different interpretations of the economic statement. So, economics is not a specific answer and explanation, It is made of various well-known economists to identify the definition and awareness of economic. As we know that, economics is very important to a country, not only country, it also important to people. Body Economics is the study of resources, their scarcity and the unlimited wants of mankind. From this sentence, it was talking about economics is the study of resources, the resources are categories by 4 type of resources. Firstly, the resource of land, the land not only represents a piece of land in a country; the land is containing all the natural resources such as trees, mineral, rivers and etc. Secondly, the resource of labour, the resource of labour is mean that consists of the physical and mental abilities of a worker. The worker able to work according to the job responsibility and job routine, for example of the worker, is engineer, supervisor, manager and so on. Thirdly, the resource of capital, capital refers to goods produced in an economy that are used to produce other goods and services. For example, machines, tools, vehicle and so on. Lastly, entrepreneur, the entrepreneur is mean a person who has to organize resources for production, has an idea and able to introduce new pr oduct or techniques of production. Other than this, the person gains the rewards and bears the risks of such endeavours. An entrepreneurs purpose is bringing innovation and risk-taking. There are 3 basic economic issues which is what goods to produce and in what quantities, how to produce them and for whom to produce them? In these 3 basic economic issues, it will cause the decision making to become many changes as the scarce resources. Besides that, it also will cause the demand changes in the market, it maybe affects the quantities of using the scarcity of resources. In this case, we may choose the most appropriate, efficient, and best option in order to overcome these 3 basic economic issues. Because it can help the producer or manufacturer to make a decision which goods and service to consume and utilize by effective using the scarcity resource. From this situation, the opportunity cost will occur. What is an opportunity cost? Opportunity cost is mean that the cost of an item measured in terms of alternatives forgone. For example, a financial manager who is living in Johor state and he/she working in Singapore and earn 2500 dollars by the month but he/she need to pay for the bus fees in 300 dollars and take a long time for Johor state to Singapore. Besides that, he/she able to work in Johor state as a financial manager too. The salary by a month is RM 3500 and the company provides transportation, and take a very short time for travel from the company to his/her home. In this situation, the financial manager needs to make a decision in order to make self as convenience as possible and calculate the best reward included the transport fees, so he/she need to foregone one job to satisfy his/her desire. From this, the opportunity cost was related between scare of resource, so a company, firm or organization need to choose the bes t option to develop. Different economists have different terms, view and statement to describe and delimit the economics. The most appropriate definition is that by Lionel Robbins who defined economics as The science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses. Lionel Robbins as a British famous economist was defined economics as the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses. In these phrases, there are few basic propositions emphasized in Lionel Robbinss definition as follows. Firstly, in this phrase, we talk about what actually meaning of human behaviour. Human behaviour in this phrase is meant that the human has unlimited human wants, even consumer. Basically human is looking for something in needs and wants to full fill their demand and able to reach their satisfaction even same as the consumer are looking for good quality of products and efficiency services. However, humans satisfaction is not fixed such as high demanding or easily satisfies, this also same as a consumer because consumer also has different satisfaction in products and services due to they are post-purchase. On the other hand, human is always insatiability in their need. The needs have to be satisfied for the life and the wants have to satisfy in order to live comfortably. Besides that, Human is also never feel satisfied as they have something they still want to get something that is better than the things they have. For example, previously we just need phones that can help us call each other, afterwards, we start to want some music in our phones, hence the radio and mp3, afterwards people have more needs, we want to be able to watch videos, internet, make video calls and so on. Limitless needs and wants make resources scarce and difficult to sustain. Therefore, needs are never-ending by the human and human was never stop working or keep hard work to earn money in order to satisfaction of their needs. Next, when human faced many options of wants, they need to choose the best one of the wants in order to achieve their satisfaction based on their limited resource. Based on the Lionel Robbinss theory, it talks about all wants are not same important, some are more important and some are less important, so we have to consider by well which wants is most important and arrange the wants we have by most important to less important. Then we choose the most important one to first and delaying the other wants. There are 4 basic resources which are land, labour, capital and entrepreneur. Sometimes these four resources will be scarcity it may cause the demand to exceed the supply. So, in order to avoid this situation occur, the decision making must be made by rational. First, lands are being inefficiency in the world, so that the people must be plan out the most effective method for using the limited land. For example, Singapore is a modern country nowadays, Singapore has fast development such as modern building, modern transportation and so on. In order to develop, it needs a large of space of land. Singapore is a country which is small and a narrow, in order to let more people living in Singapore so that, the government construct the high building to the people for live and builds more high building for other uses, thus the lack of land resource problem solved. Of course, the problem has been solved, but it spends much of funds to fetch up the defect, so it will cause Singapore to forego s ome projects and plans. Secondly, we talk about the labour, labour is referred that employee and workers which is willing to work and have the ability to work. Labour is a very important one in the 4 resources too, if a company lack of labour, which will cause many problems such as less production, the whole operation might be slowed down and so on. For example, a manufactory was facing less of labour, it caused the production is going slowing down and the packaging department was slow operation too. In order to solve the problem, the manufactory itself has to increase the salary to attract more people to come in the manufactory to work. Besides that, the manufactory also needs to buy the machine to replace the human resource. So that, the manufactory itself will be more efficiency in production, packaging and so on. Although the problem was solved, the net profit of the manufactory will decrease because of spending the income to the worker, it may cause the manufactory itself may foregone some plan or proj ect such as expand the manufactory scale and development of branches. Thirdly, we talk about the resource of capital. Capital is the items that a manufactory or a company using to produce goods and services such as machines, tools and vehicles. In other hand capital also refers to the real estate of a company or manufactory. Furthermore, a resource of capital is a very close relationship between resource of labour, it is because the capital needs labour to control or use. Resource of capital is quite important to a manufactory, firms, company and so on, it is because they using the resource of capital to serve the customer in order to earn a profit. Resource of capital is a resource which is tangible and intangible, so for the tangible capital resource will going to degradation because of the flow over time. So, some manufacturing factory or firms will renew update and be buying new capital to replace the old capital. For, example, a new manufacturing factory is full of the capital resource but lack of the technical staff and the capital resource withi n the new manufactory is used for mass production. In order to fulfil the capital resource being to control, the manufactorys labour resource manager has to hire the workers which able to control the capital to produce the product in the manufactory. If it hired the technical staff successfully, the lack of control of capital is been solved, but the manufactory are spent much of money in the salary to the workers. In this case, the headquarter has to consider by rational to make a decision as able to supply the product to the demand of the consumer as moderate as possible. In order to complete the production, they have to forgo some plans and program such as establish more branches in other areas, buy over the supplier and so on, it is because the new manufactory is spending much of money in the salary of the workers. So, it takes time to earn back the money and the other plans and program will be postponed. The last resource is the entrepreneur; an entrepreneur is a person who has the ability to organise resources for production and has the ability to introduce new products and services. The entrepreneur also has the ability to bring the innovation of the products and services, the entrepreneur also receives the reward and bears the risks. In economy, scarcity of resource will occur and not excluded entrepreneur. Why will the entrepreneur be scarcity? That was being many factors to cause it. For example, Sabah state was a second largest area of the state in Malaysia; these states are be living most poverty people, so the people unable to study in school and unable to enter a higher school because of financial problems. As an entrepreneur, besides having an education background and creativity of idea it also need the resources to produce goods and services such as land, capital, and labour resource. For example, an entrepreneur has idea to produce the product which is cloth, it needs workers, machine and place to produce this product, but the entrepreneur does not have enough too much of funds to buy over the factory and the entrepreneur only have funds to buy the machinery and able to hire some workers to work. So the entrepreneur just has to rent the factory to produce the product. In this case, the entrepreneur have to choose the best way to satisfy his/her wants if the entrepreneur spends the funds to buy over the factory it does not have enough to buy machinery and hire workers. In this scenario, the entrepreneur has to foregone to buy over the factory, so the entrepreneur can produce the product by renting the factory. Conclusion In the economy, the land, labour, capital and entrepreneur is very important to a company, manufactory and firms. When the company, manufactory and firms are facing scarcity of the resource, it needs to choose the best wants, arrange the important wants to first and postpone or foregone the less important wants. Furthermore, decision making is also very important. For the opportunity cost, for example, scarce of the resource is happened in a company, the companies headquarter has to choose the best wants in order to develop within some wants. In this case, it has to foregone the other wants. If the company headquarter has had chosen a wants to develop, after a period of time, there are no regret of chosen the wants to develop and no regret do not choose other wants before. So, in this situation, the companys headquarter have to consider by clear and be rational in order to make sure that does not feel regret after the decision is making by over a period of time. In this assignment, I was learning much of knowledge such as Lionel Robbinss theory and gain some useful information by doing internet research. Besides that, I also had an understood the 4 resources such as land, labour, capital and entrepreneur.

Historical Validity in The Alamo :: essays research papers

Historical Validity in â€Å"The Alamo†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 2004 release, by Touchstone Pictures, â€Å"The Alamo† takes a famous story told throughout time and recreates it on the screen once again. This time was it really any better than the other releases? Maybe the flashy effects and better film quality could interest you in this movie but the real question is how valid is it. To the average person this story looks as if they have recreated it perfectly, but to a historian it might not look so genuine. Although this movie does depict many things with absolute efficiency some things are left out. Almost completely ignored in this movie are important instances in history such as the cowardly James Fannin and the battle at Goliad. This is an important part of the story that has been left out. It could have been nice to know what happened to the one person who could have helped but refused to due to his own growing situation. Also in the movie James Bowie is portrayed as a mildly sick person whereas in real l ife he deathly ill. He was known to have typhoid fever and a bad case at that. Beyond the fallacies in this movie there were many great things that were put to the screen. One of the best in my opinion is the removal of the â€Å"line† that was drawn in the dirt by Travis. According to much research the line was actually a story drawn up years later to help signify the sacrifices these men had made. They correctly portrayed how the men were outnumbered in this fight and the effort and courage that was put forth in this battle to defend the Alamo. The last and most controversial issue in the movie is how did David Crockett really die? In this movie they give him the courageous death that he was thought to have.

The Use Of Symbols In Macbeth Essay -- essays research papers

The Use of Symbols in Macbeth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the play Macbeth, Shakespeare uses many symbols to add to his story. His use of blood, water, light, dark, rampant animals, and even the witches are examples of how he used symbols to add depth to his play. These symbols were often times recurring and they were all related to the central plot of the play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shakespeare used blood in this play several times. Blood is first mentioned by Macbeth shortly after he had slain Duncan. The subject of blood was introduced again when Duncan's murder was brought up by Lady Macbeth, as well as others later in the play. In the aforementioned circumstances, blood was used to symbolize the guilt, and pain that Macbeth and his wife were experiencing as a by-produc...

How did the cold war effect Australia Essay

The Cold War originally referred to a struggle or a conflict that had not escalated into fighting and military conflict, that is, had not escalated into a hot war. Between 1945 and 1991, the United States and the Soviet Union saw each other as potential enemies, threatening each other’s larger global economic, political, and military goals. The Cold War thus was global competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to shape and control the post-World War II global economic and political order. Throughout the Cold War, the United States saw the Soviet Union and communism as the greatest threat and challenge to its global leadership and dominance of an emerging global economy and industrial society. The United States was determined to limit the military and political expansion of Soviet power in order to prevent it from challenging American global economic and political dominance. In 1945 and 1946, there were increasing debates within the United States government over how to deal with the Soviet Union. Should the United States now see the Soviets as an â€Å"evil empire† that threatened to undermine the peace and freedom of an American-led â€Å"free world†? The influential 1946 memo to President Truman said that the Soviets were a global threat to peace. It said that the Soviet Union had a secret plan to conquer the world and spread communism throughout the world. The Soviets refusal to accept American leadership and a global democratic, capitalist community of nations, demonstrated that capitalism and communism could not peacefully co-exist. The Soviet domination of Eastern Europe after World War II and the continuing Soviet military build up was proof that the Soviet Union was threatening global peace and security The Domino Theory: The domino theory was given its specific game and meaning in 1959 by President Dwight D. Elsenhower. He used this theory to refer to the potential spread of communism in Southern-Asia. He specifically said, â€Å"you can have a row of dominoes set up, you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that it will go over very quickly. So you could have a beginning of a disintegration that would have  the most profound influences† The influences that he is talking about were the influences of communism. He believed as many others did that if one country in Southern-Asia fell to communism then all surrounding countries would also. This Theory could be applied to the Soviet Union during 1917 to 1980. In this time the Soviet Union gained power by militarily taking land from other countries. The domino theory was a threat to world peace because every country was afraid of falling to communism. The Southern-Asian areas would be the starting domino and when it falls the rest of the dominoes (counties) would eventually fall with it. The domino theory effected Australia the same way as the rest of the world. They were scared that eventually they would fall under communism. NATO: Fifty years ago on April 4, 1949, twelve countries signed the Treaty of Washington and formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Therewere a total of sixteen countries that signed this treaty. Some of those countries were: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, Australia and the United States. This organization was born out of the need to strengthen the capacity of a war-devastated Europe in order to defend itself against and deter a Soviet Union, which was rapidly consolidating itself under communism and strengthening its military power. NATO wanted to help the world maintain peace due to the Soviet Union’s threat on the non-Communist countries of Western Europe. NATO weren’t a threat to world peace, NATO were the organization that were against communism and wanted world peace. NATO tried to help non-communist countries against the Soviet Unions threats. Australia was a part of NATO organization, which was against communism. So the effect it had on Australia was good. By Australia signing up for NATO it  just influenced what everyone already felt and this was that they didn’t want to be taken over by the Soviet Union and by communism. Communism: Communism was one of the greatest issues during the cold war. The Soviet Union wanted to spread communism through out the world. Communism is a political and economic system in which the state dominates all aspects of the economy. Under communism, the state controls and runs industries and farms, and government leaders control and run all aspects of society in the name of â€Å"the people.† In communist’s countries, the government and elite leaders rule the country, believing that they know what is best for the people and their society. Whereas, in democratic capitalist countries such as the United States, individuals and corporations are free to control their own economic lives and businesses and the people shape and control their government and society. So the Soviet Union spreading communism throughout the globe was a major threat to the United States. Communism was a threat to world peace because no one wanted the government or the state to have complete control over them. People want to have their own lives and their own rights. So if communism took over it would eventually causes a nuclear/world war. Australia was affected by communism badly. Australia was scared to fall under the power of the Soviet Union and by communism. The fear of communism eventually overtaking Australia was initially the main reason for Australia’s involvement in the Vietnam War. The Cold War affected Australians in main ways: * Australian forces sent to Malayan emergency – June 1950  to accompany the South Vietnamese into combat. In 1965, Australia’s commitment to the war was stepped up to include combat troops. * Australian forces engaged in Confrontation – March 1965 Confrontation was a small-undeclared war fought between 1962-1966 during which Indonesia sought to destabilise the newly independent Malaysia. After two Indonesian raids on the Malayan peninsula in 1964 the Australian government deployed a battalion in Borneo. Indonesia and Malaysia signed a peace treaty in 1966. So although the Cold War was between the United States and the Soviet Union, Australia was still very much involved. Since Australia was allied with the United States, whatever affected the USA affected Australia.

Country Lovers Essay

A level of forbid enjoy on a southwestern African farm, one child nonentity more than a farm worker, as the other one prepares for boarding teach. both(prenominal) ignorant to the color of their skins, all they knew they were dress hat friends play together until they grew up and past it was not allowed. But when Paulus turns fifteen and goes to school things start to change he begins to name the difference between sons and girls, and then the consequences croupe his actions, simply then its excessively late to turn back.What drew me into this story was the title country lovers, and then the prohibit love on a sulfur African farm I cherished to see what it was more or less, curios to know if it was about deuce people of different races falling in love, creating racial relationships in a limit that forbid it. And that was exactly what it was, two kids playing together as kids, a boy white and girl black, everyday playing on his fathers farm.What I couldnt understand was wherefore they were satisfactory to play as kids but not be able to socialize when they got older. If it was because of racial boundaries, why not keep them apart(predicate) even when they are kids, then it wouldnt be so conf utilise. The literary enclosure and concept that best describes they way I am tinctureing about this would be Imagination because it expresses how the condition was scent about racial differences and allows the reader to feel what the author is writing about.I am using the Reader Response approach to tumble my story because it asks you to connect with the literature, and find a personal link or fantastic entry into a story. And that is what this author makes you do. bit reading this story I had a lot of different emotions like why did he change when he went to school, but when he came home he was with thebedi. even so though he met people at school whose familys was prosperous famers? He tranquil was bringing gifts to thebedi, she do gifts f or him and both lying about where they came from and why.They had been creep around for months, so when she was eighteen and the farmers son was nineteen he left for veterinary college, Njabulos parents asked Thebedis parents to marry their son and they agreed on it, not telling Paulus or Njabulo that she office be pregnant. When the baby was born looked zero point like Njabulo, but he still was going to take care of her as if she was his own. This would be Satire because he should feel anger but instead he is willing to take care of her.My intellection didnt change because in that measure thats what happens when two different races meld and project children, I just give thanks god its not like that now to the extreme it was then. Because I love people for who they are not because of where they make it from. Because of the authors background development up in South Africa I can understand why she feels this way, they have different traditions and beliefs. This was a very unspoilt story I enjoyed reading it and feeling what they were going through.

Arguing for Drug Testing Policy

This memo is in response to your late(a) e-mail in regards to random do medicates testing. I believe that implementing this policy would be extremely beneficial to our keep social club as a whole. This is for the following reasons financial savings, oeuvre untroubledty, and to maintain our news report. Financial Savings It is outstanding that we strive to maintain a safe and effective work environment for both single one of our employees.It is estimated that work bug out accidents cogitate to drugs have tolls employers in the coupled States $75 to 100 billion dollars per year. Those who ill- riding habit ar besides six measure more likely to file workers wages claim and use 16 clock the amount of health benefits as their brother employees who do non use drugs. (http//www. employmentdrugtesting. com/screening. html_) not ensuring that our employees are drug-free could end up costing our company a slap-up deal of silver in the yen run if an employee under the fun ction injures themself or nother employee while on the Job here at brio Support, Inc.One might ask that implementing this drug-testing policy would actually cost our company more money due to the cost of the drug tests. However, the cost of a drug test backsidenot compare to the higher cost of workers compensation or lawsuits to this company that could potentially occur due to an employee under the order while on the Job. Spending money on these drug tests is a precautional measure to keep our company from expending more money in the unyielding run. Workplace Safety It is absolutely life-sustaining that Life Support, Inc. rovides an environment in which our employees pick out to work knowing that we cherish their safety. The facts and figures mentioned in a higher place suggest that employees under the influence of drugs are extremely likely to cause and fuck off accidents in the workplace. The drug users are not the only ones at risk. Employees under the influence of d rugs are clearly not do to the best of their ability their impaired adduce can cause them to make careless(p) mistakes or exercise poor assessment that they normally would not if they were in a ober state of mind.This can cause daub not only to them, but their crack co- workers. By weeding out the employees who choose to use drugs, we allow for be providing a safer place for our workers and also show them that we truly value their safety. Maintain Reputation It is important for Life Support, Inc. to maintain a reputable image. By not tolerating drug abuse by our employees we present ourselves as a company that really cares about their people and also the persona of their products.https//donemyessay.com/unit-5-review/Our products will continue o be made of impeccable quality and be held to the highest standards in the industry. Our clients and those who use our products will know that Life Support, Inc. is a digit to be trusted. This kind of quality and standards will reduce any possible indebtedness for any malfunctioning equipment. I jeer you to consider the potential savings, workplace safety, and our reputation as you continue to make your termination in regards to this matter. As always, please intent free to contact me if I can be of any other attention to you.

Emily Dickinson – Theme of Love

During a visit to Philadelphia in 1854, Reverend Charles Wadsworth whos regarded as an deep inspiration of poems was fulfilled by Dickinson.Also, Dickinson isolated herself and emphasized her isolation by dressing in white. Her seclusion is present as a motif in some love poems. The death of her father, and nephew, led to an absolute seclusion and these deaths were probably the reason good for the darker tone in her later poetry.Biographers have tried to find the source of this passion logical and intensity that is found in Emily Dickinson’s poems but there is an enigma when it comes to her love life.Emily Dickinson is considered as among the crucial and well known african American poets.I decided to analyse some poems in which Emily Dickinson wrote about love from these different stranding points. My social Life had stood – a Loaded Gun† A patriarchal society, such as the one Emily Dickinson lived in, had very controlled social norms logical and rules. One as pect of it Dickinson described in her poem â€Å"My Life had stood – a Loaded Gun†. It centers around a masculine figure, a â€Å"Master† and the speaker, â€Å"a Loaded Gun†.

She dwelt 55 years softly.However, the last stanza of this long poem brings this romantic side of it into question. Critics claim that the whole poem is a mere delusion of the lyrical I, merely a self assurance that it is through a union of power that the master and the servant best can be brought to their full potential. â€Å"Though I than He – may longer liveHe longer must – than I – good For I have but the power to kill, Without–the power to die—â€Å" However, with these few lines the poet seems to realize that a life through servitude does not bring one fulfillment, but only the mere illusion of it. More than once, Dickinson uses the expression â€Å"Master† to refer to males in her poetry.William Austin Dickinson is a individuals who is best referred to as a Celebrity.Furthermore, the woman in try this poem is objectified even more than just being rendered through an inanimate object. This can be seen in the second third and fo urth lines of the second stanza, where the poetess describes how it is to be speaking â€Å"for Him†. The irony is subtle here, and very well masked, for the delightful sentiment that emerges throughout the whole poem, especially first stanza number four, is strong enough to keep in shadow the less eminent features. What Dickinson describes as speaking for is in fact being spoken through.

Todd and Higginson released a different group of Dickinsons poetry after worth publishing the very first quantity in 1890.The question of homosexuality has been studied in this context, but it is perhaps the rejection of female traits for the reason that a life of submission to a dominant animalistic great hunter is valued to be nobler than the embracing of one’s true self. Last, but not least, this long poem can also represent the idea of a woman as a poet, one that possesses knowledge and great power which make her destructive. Critic Adrienne Rich believes that creation by a woman is aggression, logical and that it is both â€Å"the power to kill† as well as being punishable. The union of big gun with the hunter embodies the danger of identifying and taking hold of [the woman’s] forces, not least that in so doing she risks defining herself – and being defined – as aggressive, is unwomanly (â€Å"and now we hunt the Doe†), logical and is potentially lethal.Emily received a wonderful education.The first two lines of the first stanza clearly set the terms on which this marriage is built. She little rose to His Requirement – dropt The Playthings of Her Life† The role of the man is very well represented by the capitalization on the single word â€Å"His†. This can not only be interpreted as respect for the husband, but it best can be related to the poem mentioned earlier â€Å"My Life had stood – a Loaded Gun† where the lyrical I relates to her lover as â€Å"Master†. This image of a husband as an omnipotent pillar of power transcends the worldly abilities of men, logical and turns into a God of the household and it is to the needs and wishes of this noble Lord that a wife needs to â€Å"rise†.

She had a life that is very reclusive.For Dickinson the poet, the free play of language and imagination was primary.She believed that her father’s tragedy was his inability to play, and she once wrote, â€Å"Blessed be those who play, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. † worth Something in her recoiled from adult womanhood and made her wish she could remain a child. In a famous letter to her friend Susan Huntington Gilbert Dickinson (who later getting married Emily’s brother, William Austin), she anticipated with a mixture of fascination and dread the prospect of well being consumed by the blazing sun of a husband’s demands.A guy cannot be too careful in the selection of his enemies.Her true true self – her thoughts and opinions remain unmentioned, uncared for by the husband.Dickinson uses the sea to illustrate her point. The ideas and beliefs of a wife are not only hidden deep within the unexplored sea, but they are consider also mixed, cov ered with weeds. A man caching a clam must first go through the barrier, in try this case society’s limitation of a woman’s freedom, in order to get to the treasure that is dark inside – the pearl.

Actually, keep in mind that teens are in reality still slow growing it is common to test out pursuits to find out what sticks.Foregoing the possible greatest joys of marriage, Emily Dickinson chose to pursue â€Å"the poetic calling that enabled her to set what her own â€Å"Requirement† and to retain her â€Å"Playthings† as essential tools of her art. † (Leiter 174) â€Å"If you were coming in the fall. † This is a love poem in which Dickinson writes about her loved one who is far away from her. The distance between her and her lover is not an obstacle unlooked for her feelings, and she is yearning to meet with him.Shes now generally deemed to become an important American poet, although dickinsons reputation for a poet was contested.A season becomes a year in the second stanza. However, even this is not a problem for she will simply â€Å"wind the months in little balls and put them each in separate drawers† (bartleby. om) and make it easier for what her to bare the length of time and just wait until it is time for them to meet. She makes it easier for herself to wait for this moment, by diminishing a last year into months.

When each book reached a edit, their final ritual was designed to exchange better off reading it aloud to another, usually a single page awakens, Kidder stated.She would toss away her life â€Å"like a rind,†(bartleby. com) as something that is not important.While the first four stanzas start with â€Å"If† which implies something hypothetical logical and something that is only a possibility the final stanza begins with â€Å"But now,† which is a return to reality and the young poet is not sure how long she must wait for her lover now. Furthermore, she is not sure if they will meet at all, or is he even coming.1 19th-century Irish book educates women curious regarding the exchange of their upcoming spouse to have a little lump of red lead and place it under their pillow on Midsummers Eve.What if I say I shall logical not wait? This poem is about separation as well.Lovers are here apart because of others, and not their own will. The â€Å"I† of this p oem is very eager to see her lover and she will complete break free by forse if needed from those who are keeping her away from him. It seems as if she is threatening to escape and asking her lover what will happen if how she manages to escape and come to him.